@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97,
+@c 2001, 03, 04, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Command Arguments, X Resources, Service, Top
-@appendix Command Line Arguments
+@node Emacs Invocation, X Resources, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
+@appendix Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
@cindex command line arguments
@cindex arguments (command line)
@cindex options (command line)
@cindex switches (command line)
@cindex startup (command line arguments)
+@cindex invocation (command line arguments)
GNU Emacs supports command line arguments to request various actions
when invoking Emacs. These are for compatibility with other editors and
for sophisticated activities. We don't recommend using them for
ordinary editing.
- Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}. Other arguments
-specify files to visit. Emacs visits the specified files while it
-starts up. The last file name on your command line becomes the
-current buffer; the other files are also visited in other buffers. If
-there are two files, they are both displayed; otherwise the last file
-is displayed along with a buffer list that shows what other buffers
-there are. As with most programs, the special argument @samp{--} says
-that all subsequent arguments are file names, not options, even if
-they start with @samp{-}.
+ Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}, and so is
+@samp{+@var{linenum}}. All other arguments specify files to visit.
+Emacs visits the specified files while it starts up. The last file
+name on your command line becomes the current buffer; the other files
+are also visited in other buffers. If there are two files, they are
+both displayed; otherwise the last file is displayed along with a
+buffer list that shows what other buffers there are. As with most
+programs, the special argument @samp{--} says that all subsequent
+arguments are file names, not options, even if they start with
+@samp{-}.
Emacs command options can specify many things, such as the size and
position of the X window Emacs uses, its colors, and so on. A few
@cindex initial options (command line)
@cindex action options (command line)
+@vindex command-line-args
Most options specify how to initialize Emacs, or set parameters for
the Emacs session. We call them @dfn{initial options}. A few options
specify things to do: for example, load libraries, call functions, or
terminate Emacs. These are called @dfn{action options}. These and file
names together are called @dfn{action arguments}. Emacs processes all
-the action arguments in the order they are written.
+the action arguments in the order they are written. The @file{.emacs} file
+can access the values of the action arguments as the elements of a list in
+the variable @code{command-line-args}.
+
+
@menu
-* Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
- and call functions.
+* Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
+ and call functions.
* Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
* Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
-* Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
+* Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
* Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
-
* Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
-* Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
-* Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X.
+* Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
+* Colors:: Choosing display colors.
* Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
-* Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
+* Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
* Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
* Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
-* Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
-* Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
-* LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
+* Misc X:: Other display options.
@end menu
@node Action Arguments
@table @samp
@item @var{file}
-@opindex --visit
-@itemx --visit=@var{file}
@opindex --file
@itemx --file=@var{file}
+@opindex --find-file
+@itemx --find-file=@var{file}
+@opindex --visit
+@itemx --visit=@var{file}
@cindex visiting files, command-line argument
+@vindex inhibit-startup-buffer-menu
Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}. @xref{Visiting}.
+If you visit several files at startup in this way, Emacs
+also displays a Buffer Menu buffer to show you what files it
+has visited. You can inhibit that by setting @code{inhibit-startup-buffer-menu} to @code{t}.
@item +@var{linenum} @var{file}
@opindex +@var{linenum}
@opindex --load
@cindex loading Lisp libraries, command-line argument
Load a Lisp library named @var{file} with the function @code{load}.
-@xref{Lisp Libraries}. The library can be found either in the current
-directory, or in the Emacs library search path as specified
-with @env{EMACSLOADPATH} (@pxref{General Variables}).
+@xref{Lisp Libraries}. If @var{file} is not an absolute file name,
+the library can be found either in the current directory, or in the
+Emacs library search path as specified with @env{EMACSLOADPATH}
+(@pxref{General Variables}).
+
+@strong{Warning:} If previous command-line arguments have visited
+files, the current directory is the directory of the last file
+visited.
+
+@item -L @var{dir}
+@opindex -L
+@itemx --directory=@var{dir}
+@opindex --directory
+Add directory @var{dir} to the variable @code{load-path}.
@item -f @var{function}
@opindex -f
@itemx --funcall=@var{function}
@opindex --funcall
@cindex call Lisp functions, command-line argument
-Call Lisp function @var{function} with no arguments.
+Call Lisp function @var{function}. If it is an interactive function
+(a command), it reads the arguments interactively just as if you had
+called the same function with a key sequence. Otherwise, it calls the
+function with no arguments.
@item --eval=@var{expression}
@opindex --eval
@item --kill
@opindex --kill
Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation.
-@end table
-@vindex command-line-args
- The init file can access the values of the action arguments as the
-elements of a list in the variable @code{command-line-args}. The init
-file can override the normal processing of the action arguments, or
-define new ones, by reading and setting this variable.
+@item --help
+@opindex --help
+Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit
+successfully.
+
+@item --version
+@opindex --version
+Print Emacs version, then exit successfully.
+@end table
@node Initial Options
@appendixsec Initial Options
Some initial options affect the loading of init files. The normal
actions of Emacs are to first load @file{site-start.el} if it exists,
then your own init file @file{~/.emacs} if it exists, and finally
-@file{default.el} if it exists; certain options prevent loading of some
-of these files or substitute other files for them.
+@file{default.el} if it exists. @xref{Init File}. Certain options
+prevent loading of some of these files or substitute other files for
+them.
@table @samp
@item -t @var{device}
@opindex --terminal
@cindex device for Emacs terminal I/O
Use @var{device} as the device for terminal input and output.
+@samp{--terminal} implies @samp{--no-window-system}.
@item -d @var{display}
@opindex -d
@opindex --no-window-system
@cindex disable window system
Don't communicate directly with the window system, disregarding the
-@env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set. This forces Emacs
-to run as if the display were a text-only terminal.
+@env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set. This means that
+Emacs uses the terminal from which it was launched for all its display
+and input.
@need 3000
@cindex batch mode
@item -batch
@opindex --batch
@itemx --batch
-Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}, which means that the text being edited is
-not displayed and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as
-@kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} continue to have their normal effect. Emacs in
-batch mode outputs to @code{stderr} only what would normally be displayed
-in the echo area under program control, and functions which would
-normally read from the minibuffer take their input from @code{stdin}.
-
-Batch mode is used for running programs written in Emacs Lisp from
-shell scripts, makefiles, and so on. Normally the @samp{-l} option
-or @samp{-f} option will be used as well, to invoke a Lisp program
-to do the batch processing.
-
-@samp{-batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file). It also
-causes Emacs to exit after processing all the command options. In
-addition, it disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has
-been explicitly requested.
+Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}. Batch mode is used for running
+programs written in Emacs Lisp from shell scripts, makefiles, and so
+on. You should also use the @samp{-l} option or @samp{-f} option, to
+invoke a Lisp program to do batch processing.
+
+In batch mode, Emacs does not display the text being edited, and the
+standard terminal interrupt characters such as @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c}
+continue to have their normal effect. The functions @code{prin1},
+@code{princ} and @code{print} output to @code{stdout} instead of the
+echo area, while @code{message} and error messages output to
+@code{stderr}. Functions that would normally read from the minibuffer
+take their input from @code{stdin} instead.
+
+@samp{--batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file), but
+@file{site-start.el} is loaded nonetheless. It also causes Emacs to
+exit after processing all the command options. In addition, it
+disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has been
+explicitly requested.
+
+@item --script @var{file}
+@opindex --script
+@cindex script mode
+Run Emacs in batch mode, like @samp{--batch}, and then read and
+execute the Lisp code in @var{file}.
+
+The normal use of this option is in executable script files that run
+Emacs. They can start with this text on the first line
+
+@example
+#!/usr/bin/emacs --script
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+which will invoke Emacs with @samp{--script} and supply the name of
+the script file as @var{file}. Emacs Lisp then treats @samp{#!} as a
+comment delimiter.
@item -q
@opindex -q
@itemx --no-init-file
@opindex --no-init-file
-@cindex bypassing init and site-start file
+@cindex bypassing init and @file{default.el} file
@cindex init file, not loading
@cindex @file{default.el} file, not loading
Do not load your Emacs init file @file{~/.emacs}, or @file{default.el}
-either. When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options
+either. Regardless of this switch, @file{site-start.el} is still loaded.
+When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options
changed with the @kbd{M-x customize} command and its variants.
@xref{Easy Customization}.
@opindex --no-site-file
@cindex @file{site-start.el} file, not loading
Do not load @file{site-start.el}. The options @samp{-q}, @samp{-u}
-and @samp{-batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this is
-the only option that blocks it.
+and @samp{--batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this
+option and @samp{-Q} are the only options that block it.
+
+@item -Q
+@opindex -Q
+@itemx --quick
+@opindex --quick
+Start emacs with minimum customizations. This is like using @samp{-q}
+and @samp{--no-site-file}, but also disables the startup screen.
+
+@item --no-splash
+@opindex --no-splash
+@vindex inhibit-startup-message
+Do not display a splash screen on startup; this is equivalent to
+setting the variable @code{inhibit-startup-message} to non-@code{nil}.
+
+@item --no-desktop
+@opindex --no-desktop
+Do not reload any saved desktop. @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
@item -u @var{user}
@opindex -u
@opindex --debug-init
@cindex errors in init file
Enable the Emacs Lisp debugger for errors in the init file.
+@xref{Error Debugging,, Entering the Debugger on an Error, elisp, The
+GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
@item --unibyte
@opindex --unibyte
+@itemx --no-multibyte
+@opindex --no-multibyte
@cindex unibyte operation, command-line argument
Do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings.
All buffers and strings are unibyte unless you (or a Lisp program)
explicitly ask for a multibyte buffer or string. (Note that Emacs
always loads Lisp files in multibyte mode, even if @samp{--unibyte} is
specified; see @ref{Enabling Multibyte}.) Setting the environment
-variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect.
+variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect
+(@pxref{General Variables}).
@item --multibyte
@opindex --multibyte
+@itemx --no-unibyte
+@opindex --no-unibyte
Inhibit the effect of @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}, so that Emacs
uses multibyte characters by default, as usual.
@end table
to be a C program.
@example
-emacs -batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log
+emacs --batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log
@end example
@noindent
This says to visit @file{foo.c}, load @file{hack-c.el} (which makes
changes in the visited file), save @file{foo.c} (note that
@code{save-buffer} is the function that @kbd{C-x C-s} is bound to), and
-then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{-batch}). @samp{-batch}
+then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{--batch}). @samp{--batch}
also guarantees there will be no problem redirecting output to
@file{log}, because Emacs will not assume that it has a display terminal
to work with.
@findex getenv
Inside Emacs, the command @kbd{M-x getenv} gets the value of an
environment variable. @kbd{M-x setenv} sets a variable in the Emacs
-environment. The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs
-depends on the operating system, and especially the shell that you are
-using. For example, here's how to set the environment variable
-@env{ORGANIZATION} to @samp{not very much} using Bash:
+environment. (Environment variable substitutions with @samp{$} work
+in the value just as in file names; see @ref{File Names with $}.)
+
+ The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs depends on the
+operating system, and especially the shell that you are using. For
+example, here's how to set the environment variable @env{ORGANIZATION}
+to @samp{not very much} using Bash:
@example
export ORGANIZATION="not very much"
setenv ORGANIZATION "not very much"
@end example
- When Emacs is uses the X Window System, it inherits the use
-of a large number of environment variables from the X libraries. See
-the X documentation for more information.
+ When Emacs is using the X Window System, various environment
+variables that control X work for Emacs as well. See the X
+documentation for more information.
@menu
* General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
* Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables.
+* MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
@end menu
@node General Variables
variable @code{doc-directory}.
@item EMACSLOADPATH
A colon-separated list of directories@footnote{
-Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories'',
+Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories,''
it pertains to Unix and GNU/Linux systems. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows,
the directories are separated by semi-colons instead, since DOS/Windows
file names might include a colon after a drive letter.}
expansion of file names starting with a tilde (@file{~}). On MS-DOS, it
defaults to the directory from which Emacs was started, with @samp{/bin}
removed from the end if it was present. On Windows, the default value
-of @code{HOME} is @file{C:/}, the root directory of drive @file{C:}.
+of @env{HOME} is @file{C:/}, the root directory of drive @file{C:}.
@item HOSTNAME
The name of the machine that Emacs is running on.
-@item INCPATH
+@item INCPATH
A colon-separated list of directories. Used by the @code{complete} package
to search for files.
@item INFOPATH
@env{LANG} is not set. But if @env{LC_ALL} is specified, it overrides
the settings of all the other locale environment variables.
-The value of the LC_CTYPE category is
+On MS-Windows, if @env{LANG} is not already set in the environment
+when Emacs starts, Emacs sets it based on the system-wide default
+language, which you can set in the @samp{Regional Settings} Control Panel
+on some versions of MS-Windows.
+
+The value of the @env{LC_CTYPE} category is
matched against entries in @code{locale-language-names},
@code{locale-charset-language-names}, and
@code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, to select a default language
The user's login name. See also @env{USER}.
@item MAIL
The name of the user's system mail inbox.
-@item MAILRC
-Name of file containing mail aliases. (The default is
-@file{~/.mailrc}.)
@item MH
Name of setup file for the mh system. (The default is @file{~/.mh_profile}.)
@item NAME
@item SHELL
The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from
inside Emacs.
-@cindex background mode, on @code{xterm}
+@item SMTPSERVER
+The name of the outgoing mail server. Used by the SMTP library
+(@pxref{Top,,Sending mail via SMTP,smtpmail}).
+@cindex background mode, on @command{xterm}
@item TERM
The type of the terminal that Emacs is using. This variable must be
set unless Emacs is run in batch mode. On MS-DOS, it defaults to
@samp{internal}, which specifies a built-in terminal emulation that
handles the machine's own display. If the value of @env{TERM} indicates
-that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @code{xterm} or a similar
+that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @command{xterm} or a similar
terminal emulator, the background mode defaults to @samp{light}, and
Emacs will choose colors that are appropriate for a light background.
@item TERMCAP
Used by the Emerge package as a prefix for temporary files.
@item TZ
This specifies the current time zone and possibly also daylight
-saving time information. On MS-DOS, if @code{TZ} is not set in the
+saving time information. On MS-DOS, if @env{TZ} is not set in the
environment when Emacs starts, Emacs defines a default value as
appropriate for the country code returned by DOS. On MS-Windows, Emacs
-does not use @code{TZ} at all.
+does not use @env{TZ} at all.
@item USER
The user's login name. See also @env{LOGNAME}. On MS-DOS, this
defaults to @samp{root}.
@item WINDOW_GFX
Used when initializing the Sun windows system.
+
+@item PRELOAD_WINSOCK
+On MS-Windows, if you set this variable, Emacs will load and initialize
+the network library at startup, instead of waiting until the first
+time it is required.
+
+@item emacs_dir
+On MS-Windows, @env{emacs_dir} is a special environment variable, which
+indicates the full path of the directory in which Emacs is installed.
+If Emacs is installed in the standard directory structure, it
+calculates this value automatically. It is not much use setting this
+variable yourself unless your installation is non-standard, since
+unlike other environment variables, it will be overridden by Emacs at
+startup. When setting other environment variables, such as
+@env{EMACSLOADPATH}, you may find it useful to use @env{emacs_dir}
+rather than hard-coding an absolute path. This allows multiple
+versions of Emacs to share the same environment variable settings, and
+it allows you to move the Emacs installation directory, without
+changing any environment or registry settings.
@end table
+
+@node MS-Windows Registry
+@appendixsubsec The MS-Windows System Registry
+@pindex addpm, MS-Windows installation program
+@cindex registry, setting environment variables and resources on MS-Windows
+
+On MS-Windows, the installation program @command{addpm.exe} adds values
+for @env{emacs_dir}, @env{EMACSLOADPATH}, @env{EMACSDATA},
+@env{EMACSPATH}, @env{EMACSDOC}, @env{SHELL} and @env{TERM} to the
+@file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section of the system registry, under
+@file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}. It does this because there is no standard
+place to set environment variables across different versions of
+Windows. Running @command{addpm.exe} is no longer strictly
+necessary in recent versions of Emacs, but if you are upgrading from
+an older version, running @command{addpm.exe} ensures that you do not have
+older registry entries from a previous installation, which may not be
+compatible with the latest version of Emacs.
+
+When Emacs starts, as well as checking the environment, it also checks
+the System Registry for those variables and for @env{HOME}, @env{LANG}
+and @env{PRELOAD_WINSOCK}.
+
+To determine the value of those variables, Emacs goes through the
+following procedure. First, the environment is checked. If the
+variable is not found there, Emacs looks for registry keys by that
+name under @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}; first in the
+@file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section of the registry, and if not found
+there, in the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section. Finally, if Emacs
+still cannot determine the values, compiled-in defaults are used.
+
+In addition to the environment variables above, you can also add many
+of the settings which on X belong in the @file{.Xdefaults} file
+(@pxref{X Resources}) to the @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs} registry key.
+Settings you add to the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section will affect
+all users of the machine. Settings you add to the
+@file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section will only affect you, and will
+override machine wide settings.
+
+@node Display X
+@appendixsec Specifying the Display Name
+@cindex display name (X Window System)
+@cindex @env{DISPLAY} environment variable
+
+ The environment variable @env{DISPLAY} tells all X clients, including
+Emacs, where to display their windows. Its value is set by default
+in ordinary circumstances, when you start an X server and run jobs
+locally. Occasionally you may need to specify the display yourself; for
+example, if you do a remote login and want to run a client program
+remotely, displaying on your local screen.
+
+ With Emacs, the main reason people change the default display is to
+let them log into another system, run Emacs on that system, but have the
+window displayed at their local terminal. You might need to log in
+to another system because the files you want to edit are there, or
+because the Emacs executable file you want to run is there.
+
+ The syntax of the @env{DISPLAY} environment variable is
+@samp{@var{host}:@var{display}.@var{screen}}, where @var{host} is the
+host name of the X Window System server machine, @var{display} is an
+arbitrarily-assigned number that distinguishes your server (X terminal)
+from other servers on the same machine, and @var{screen} is a
+rarely-used field that allows an X server to control multiple terminal
+screens. The period and the @var{screen} field are optional. If
+included, @var{screen} is usually zero.
+
+ For example, if your host is named @samp{glasperle} and your server is
+the first (or perhaps the only) server listed in the configuration, your
+@env{DISPLAY} is @samp{glasperle:0.0}.
+
+ You can specify the display name explicitly when you run Emacs, either
+by changing the @env{DISPLAY} variable, or with the option @samp{-d
+@var{display}} or @samp{--display=@var{display}}. Here is an example:
+
+@smallexample
+emacs --display=glasperle:0 &
+@end smallexample
+
+ You can inhibit the direct use of the window system and GUI with the
+@samp{-nw} option. It tells Emacs to display using ordinary @acronym{ASCII} on
+its controlling terminal. This is also an initial option.
+
+ Sometimes, security arrangements prevent a program on a remote system
+from displaying on your local system. In this case, trying to run Emacs
+produces messages like this:
+
+@smallexample
+Xlib: connection to "glasperle:0.0" refused by server
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+You might be able to overcome this problem by using the @command{xhost}
+command on the local system to give permission for access from your
+remote machine.
+
+@node Font X
+@appendixsec Font Specification Options
+@cindex font name (X Window System)
+
+ By default, Emacs displays text in a twelve point Courier font (when
+using X). You can specify a different font on your command line
+through the option @samp{-fn @var{name}} (or @samp{--font}, which is
+an alias for @samp{-fn}).
+
+@table @samp
+@item -fn @var{name}
+@opindex -fn
+@itemx --font=@var{name}
+@opindex --font
+@cindex specify default font from the command line
+Use font @var{name} as the default font.
+@end table
+
+ Under X, each font has a long name which consists of fourteen words
+or numbers, separated by dashes. Some fonts also have shorter
+nicknames. For instance, @samp{9x15} is such a nickname. This font
+makes each character nine pixels wide and fifteen pixels high. You
+can use either kind of name. Case is insignificant in both kinds.
+You can use wildcard patterns for the font name; then Emacs lets X
+choose one of the fonts that match the pattern. The wildcard
+character @samp{*} matches any sequence of characters (including none)
+and @samp{?} matches any single character. However, matching is
+implementation-dependent, and can be inaccurate when wildcards match
+dashes in a long name. For reliable results, supply all 14 dashes and
+use wildcards only within a field. Here is an example, which happens
+to specify the font whose nickname is @samp{6x13}:
+
+@smallexample
+emacs -fn \
+ "-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1" &
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+You can also specify the font in your @file{.Xdefaults} file:
+
+@smallexample
+emacs.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1
+@end smallexample
+
+ Note that if you use a wildcard pattern on the command line, you
+need to enclose it in single or double quotes, to prevent the shell
+from accidentally expanding it into a list of file names. On the
+other hand, you should not quote the name in the @file{.Xdefaults}
+file.
+
+The default font used by Emacs (under X) is:
+
+@smallexample
+-adobe-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
+@end smallexample
+
+ A long font name has the following form:
+
+@smallexample
+-@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{}
+@dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{registry}-@var{encoding}
+@end smallexample
+
+@table @var
+@item maker
+This is the name of the font manufacturer.
+@item family
+This is the name of the font family---for example, @samp{courier}.
+@item weight
+This is normally @samp{bold}, @samp{medium} or @samp{light}. Other
+words may appear here in some font names.
+@item slant
+This is @samp{r} (roman), @samp{i} (italic), @samp{o} (oblique),
+@samp{ri} (reverse italic), or @samp{ot} (other).
+@item widthtype
+This is normally @samp{condensed}, @samp{extended}, @samp{semicondensed}
+or @samp{normal}. Other words may appear here in some font names.
+@item style
+This is an optional additional style name. Usually it is empty---most
+long font names have two hyphens in a row at this point.
+@item pixels
+This is the font height, in pixels.
+@item height
+This is the font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's
+point---approximately 1/720 of an inch. In other words, it is the point
+size of the font, times ten. For a given vertical resolution,
+@var{height} and @var{pixels} are proportional; therefore, it is common
+to specify just one of them and use @samp{*} for the other.
+@item horiz
+This is the horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for
+which the font is intended.
+@item vert
+This is the vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for
+which the font is intended. Normally the resolution of the fonts on
+your system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally
+specify @samp{*} for this and @var{horiz}.
+@item spacing
+This is @samp{m} (monospace), @samp{p} (proportional) or @samp{c}
+(character cell).
+@item width
+This is the average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten.
+@item registry
+@itemx encoding
+These together make up the X font character set that the font depicts.
+(X font character sets are not the same as Emacs charsets, but they
+are solutions for the same problem.) You can use the
+@command{xfontsel} program to check which choices you have. However,
+normally you should use @samp{iso8859} for @var{registry} and @samp{1}
+for @var{encoding}.
+@end table
+
+@cindex listing system fonts
+ You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font---that is,
+a font in which all characters have the same width. Any font with
+@samp{m} or @samp{c} in the @var{spacing} field of the long name is a
+fixed-width font. Here's how to use the @command{xlsfonts} program to
+list all the fixed-width fonts available on your system:
+
+@example
+xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | egrep "^[0-9]+x[0-9]+"
+xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*'
+xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*'
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+To see what a particular font looks like, use the @command{xfd} command.
+For example:
+
+@example
+xfd -fn 6x13
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+displays the entire font @samp{6x13}.
+
+ While running Emacs, you can set the font of the current frame
+(@pxref{Frame Parameters}) or for a specific kind of text
+(@pxref{Faces}).
+
+@node Colors
+@appendixsec Window Color Options
+@cindex color of window
+@cindex text colors, from command line
+
+@findex list-colors-display
+@cindex available colors
+ On a color display, you can specify which color to use for various
+parts of the Emacs display. To find out what colors are available on
+your system, type @kbd{M-x list-colors-display}, or press
+@kbd{C-Mouse-2} and select @samp{Display Colors} from the pop-up menu.
+(A particular window system might support many more colors, but the
+list displayed by @code{list-colors-display} shows their portable
+subset that can be safely used on any display supported by Emacs.)
+If you do not specify colors, on windowed displays the default for the
+background is white and the default for all other colors is black. On a
+monochrome display, the foreground is black, the background is white,
+and the border is gray if the display supports that. On terminals, the
+background is usually black and the foreground is white.
+
+ Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying colors:
+
+@table @samp
+@item -fg @var{color}
+@opindex -fg
+@itemx --foreground-color=@var{color}
+@opindex --foreground-color
+@cindex foreground color, command-line argument
+Specify the foreground color. @var{color} should be a standard color
+name, or a numeric specification of the color's red, green, and blue
+components as in @samp{#4682B4} or @samp{RGB:46/82/B4}.
+@item -bg @var{color}
+@opindex -bg
+@itemx --background-color=@var{color}
+@opindex --background-color
+@cindex background color, command-line argument
+Specify the background color.
+@item -bd @var{color}
+@opindex -bd
+@itemx --border-color=@var{color}
+@opindex --border-color
+@cindex border color, command-line argument
+Specify the color of the border of the X window.
+@item -cr @var{color}
+@opindex -cr
+@itemx --cursor-color=@var{color}
+@opindex --cursor-color
+@cindex cursor color, command-line argument
+Specify the color of the Emacs cursor which indicates where point is.
+@item -ms @var{color}
+@opindex -ms
+@itemx --mouse-color=@var{color}
+@opindex --mouse-color
+@cindex mouse pointer color, command-line argument
+Specify the color for the mouse cursor when the mouse is in the Emacs window.
+@item -r
+@opindex -r
+@itemx -rv
+@opindex -rv
+@itemx --reverse-video
+@opindex --reverse-video
+@cindex reverse video, command-line argument
+Reverse video---swap the foreground and background colors.
+@item --color=@var{mode}
+@opindex --color
+@cindex standard colors on a character terminal
+For a character terminal only, specify the mode of color support. The
+parameter @var{mode} can be one of the following:
+@table @samp
+@item never
+@itemx no
+Don't use colors even if the terminal's capabilities specify color
+support.
+@item default
+@itemx auto
+Same as when @option{--color} is not used at all: Emacs detects at
+startup whether the terminal supports colors, and if it does, turns on
+colored display.
+@item always
+@itemx yes
+@itemx ansi8
+Turn on the color support unconditionally, and use color commands
+specified by the ANSI escape sequences for the 8 standard colors.
+@item @var{num}
+Use color mode for @var{num} colors. If @var{num} is -1, turn off
+color support (equivalent to @samp{never}); if it is 0, use the
+default color support for this terminal (equivalent to @samp{auto});
+otherwise use an appropriate standard mode for @var{num} colors.
+Depending on your terminal's capabilities, Emacs might be able to turn
+on a color mode for 8, 16, 88, or 256 as the value of @var{num}. If
+there is no mode that supports @var{num} colors, Emacs acts as if
+@var{num} were 0, i.e.@: it uses the terminal's default color support
+mode.
+@end table
+If @var{mode} is omitted, it defaults to @var{ansi8}.
+@end table
+
+ For example, to use a coral mouse cursor and a slate blue text cursor,
+enter:
+
+@example
+emacs -ms coral -cr 'slate blue' &
+@end example
+
+ You can reverse the foreground and background colors through the
+@samp{-rv} option or with the X resource @samp{reverseVideo}.
+
+ The @samp{-fg}, @samp{-bg}, and @samp{-rv} options function on
+text-only terminals as well as on window systems.
+
+@node Window Size X
+@appendixsec Options for Window Size and Position
+@cindex geometry of Emacs window
+@cindex position and size of Emacs frame
+@cindex width and height of Emacs frame
+@cindex specifying fullscreen for Emacs frame
+
+ Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying size and
+position of the initial Emacs frame:
+
+@table @samp
+@item -g @var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]}
+@opindex -g
+@itemx --geometry=@var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]}
+@opindex --geometry
+@cindex geometry, command-line argument
+Specify the size @var{width} and @var{height} (measured in character
+columns and lines), and positions @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}
+(measured in pixels). This applies to all frames.
+
+@item -fs
+@opindex -fs
+@itemx --fullscreen
+@opindex --fullscreen
+@cindex fullscreen, command-line argument
+Specify that width and height shall be the size of the screen.
+
+@item -fh
+@opindex -fh
+@itemx --fullheight
+@opindex --fullheight
+@cindex fullheight, command-line argument
+Specify that the height shall be the height of the screen.
+
+@item -fw
+@opindex -fw
+@itemx --fullwidth
+@opindex --fullwidth
+@cindex fullwidth, command-line argument
+Specify that the width shall be the width of the screen.
+@end table
+
+
+@noindent
+In the @samp{--geometry} option, @code{@r{@{}+-@r{@}}} means either a plus
+ sign or a minus sign. A plus
+sign before @var{xoffset} means it is the distance from the left side of
+the screen; a minus sign means it counts from the right side. A plus
+sign before @var{yoffset} means it is the distance from the top of the
+screen, and a minus sign there indicates the distance from the bottom.
+The values @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} may themselves be positive or
+negative, but that doesn't change their meaning, only their direction.
+
+ Emacs uses the same units as @command{xterm} does to interpret the geometry.
+The @var{width} and @var{height} are measured in characters, so a large font
+creates a larger frame than a small font. (If you specify a proportional
+font, Emacs uses its maximum bounds width as the width unit.) The
+@var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} are measured in pixels.
+
+ You do not have to specify all of the fields in the geometry
+specification. If you omit both @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}, the
+window manager decides where to put the Emacs frame, possibly by
+letting you place it with the mouse. For example, @samp{164x55}
+specifies a window 164 columns wide, enough for two ordinary width
+windows side by side, and 55 lines tall.
+
+ The default width for Emacs is 80 characters and the default height is
+40 lines. You can omit either the width or the height or both. If
+you start the geometry with an integer, Emacs interprets it as the
+width. If you start with an @samp{x} followed by an integer, Emacs
+interprets it as the height. Thus, @samp{81} specifies just the width;
+@samp{x45} specifies just the height.
+
+ If you start with @samp{+} or @samp{-}, that introduces an offset,
+which means both sizes are omitted. Thus, @samp{-3} specifies the
+@var{xoffset} only. (If you give just one offset, it is always
+@var{xoffset}.) @samp{+3-3} specifies both the @var{xoffset} and the
+@var{yoffset}, placing the frame near the bottom left of the screen.
+
+ You can specify a default for any or all of the fields in
+@file{.Xdefaults} file, and then override selected fields with a
+@samp{--geometry} option.
+
+ Since the mode line and the echo area occupy the last 2 lines of the
+frame, the height of the initial text window is 2 less than the height
+specified in your geometry. In non-X-toolkit versions of Emacs, the
+menu bar also takes one line of the specified number. But in the X
+toolkit version, the menu bar is additional and does not count against
+the specified height. The tool bar, if present, is also additional.
+
+ Enabling or disabling the menu bar or tool bar alters the amount of
+space available for ordinary text. Therefore, if Emacs starts up with
+a tool bar (which is the default), and handles the geometry
+specification assuming there is a tool bar, and then your
+@file{~/.emacs} file disables the tool bar, you will end up with a
+frame geometry different from what you asked for. To get the intended
+size with no tool bar, use an X resource to specify ``no tool bar''
+(@pxref{Table of Resources}); then Emacs will already know there's no
+tool bar when it processes the specified geometry.
+
+ When using one of @samp{--fullscreen}, @samp{--fullwidth} or
+@samp{--fullheight} there may be some space around the frame
+anyway. That is because Emacs rounds the sizes so they are an
+even number of character heights and widths.
+
+ Some window managers have options that can make them ignore both
+program-specified and user-specified positions (sawfish is one).
+If these are set, Emacs fails to position the window correctly.
+
+@node Borders X
+@appendixsec Internal and External Borders
+@cindex borders (X Window System)
+
+ An Emacs frame has an internal border and an external border. The
+internal border is an extra strip of the background color around the
+text portion of the frame. Emacs itself draws the internal border.
+The external border is added by the window manager outside the frame;
+depending on the window manager you use, it may contain various boxes
+you can click on to move or iconify the window.
+
+@table @samp
+@item -ib @var{width}
+@opindex -ib
+@itemx --internal-border=@var{width}
+@opindex --internal-border
+@cindex internal border width, command-line argument
+Specify @var{width} as the width of the internal border (between the text
+and the main border), in pixels.
+
+@item -bw @var{width}
+@opindex -bw
+@itemx --border-width=@var{width}
+@opindex --border-width
+@cindex main border width, command-line argument
+Specify @var{width} as the width of the main border, in pixels.
+@end table
+
+ When you specify the size of the frame, that does not count the
+borders. The frame's position is measured from the outside edge of the
+external border.
+
+ Use the @samp{-ib @var{n}} option to specify an internal border
+@var{n} pixels wide. The default is 1. Use @samp{-bw @var{n}} to
+specify the width of the external border (though the window manager may
+not pay attention to what you specify). The default width of the
+external border is 2.
+
+@node Title X
+@appendixsec Frame Titles
+
+ An Emacs frame may or may not have a specified title. The frame
+title, if specified, appears in window decorations and icons as the
+name of the frame. If an Emacs frame has no specified title, the
+default title has the form @samp{@var{invocation-name}@@@var{machine}}
+(if there is only one frame) or the selected window's buffer name (if
+there is more than one frame).
+
+ You can specify a title for the initial Emacs frame with a command
+line option:
+
+@table @samp
+@item -T @var{title}
+@opindex -T
+@itemx --title=@var{title}
+@opindex --title
+@cindex frame title, command-line argument
+Specify @var{title} as the title for the initial Emacs frame.
+@end table
+
+ The @samp{--name} option (@pxref{Resources}) also specifies the title
+for the initial Emacs frame.
+
+@node Icons X
+@appendixsec Icons
+@cindex icons (X Window System)
+
+ Most window managers allow the user to ``iconify'' a frame, removing
+it from sight, and leaving a small, distinctive ``icon'' window in its
+place. Clicking on the icon window makes the frame itself appear again.
+If you have many clients running at once, you can avoid cluttering up
+the screen by iconifying most of the clients.
+
+@table @samp
+@item -i
+@opindex -i
+@itemx --icon-type
+@opindex --icon-type
+@cindex Emacs icon, a gnu
+Use a picture of a gnu as the Emacs icon.
+
+@item -iconic
+@opindex --iconic
+@itemx --iconic
+@cindex start iconified, command-line argument
+Start Emacs in iconified state.
+@end table
+
+ The @samp{-i} or @samp{--icon-type} option tells Emacs to use an icon
+window containing a picture of the GNU gnu. If omitted, Emacs lets the
+window manager choose what sort of icon to use---usually just a small
+rectangle containing the frame's title.
+
+ The @samp{-iconic} option tells Emacs to begin running as an icon,
+rather than showing a frame right away. In this situation, the icon
+is the only indication that Emacs has started; the text frame doesn't
+appear until you deiconify it.
+
+@node Misc X
+@appendixsec Other Display Options
+
+@table @samp
+@item -hb
+@opindex -hb
+@itemx --horizontal-scroll-bars
+@opindex --horizontal-scroll-bars
+@c @cindex horizontal scroll bars, command-line argument
+Enable horizontal scroll bars. Since horizontal scroll bars
+are not yet implemented, this actually does nothing.
+
+@item -vb
+@opindex -vb
+@itemx --vertical-scroll-bars
+@opindex --vertical-scroll-bars
+@cindex vertical scroll bars, command-line argument
+Enable vertical scroll bars.
+
+@item -lsp @var{pixels}
+@opindex -lsp
+@itemx --line-spacing=@var{pixels}
+@opindex --line-spacing
+@cindex line spacing, command-line argument
+Specify @var{pixels} as additional space to put between lines, in pixels.
+
+@item -nbc
+@opindex -nbc
+@itemx --no-blinking-cursor
+@opindex --no-blinking-cursor
+@cindex blinking cursor disable, command-line argument
+Disable the blinking cursor on graphical terminals.
+
+@item -D
+@opindex -D
+@itemx --basic-display
+@opindex --basic-display
+Disable the menu-bar, the tool-bar, the scroll-bars, and tool tips,
+and turn off the blinking cursor. This can be useful for making a
+test case that simplifies debugging of display problems.
+@end table
+
+ The @samp{--xrm} option (@pxref{Resources}) specifies additional
+X resource values.
+
+@ignore
+ arch-tag: fffecd9e-7329-4a51-a3cc-dd4a9889340e
+@end ignore