@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
+@c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
@chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
-* Misc: Misc Dired Commands. Various other features.
+* Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
+* Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features.
@end menu
@node Dired Enter
@findex dired
@kindex C-x d
@vindex dired-listing-switches
- To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command reads
-a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
-to specify which files to list. Where @code{dired} differs from
-@code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that
-the special commands of Dired are available.
+ To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command
+reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer
+argument to specify which files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a
+directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from
+@code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so
+that the special commands of Dired are available.
The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
-give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain
+give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} contain
@samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired}
command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer
before you enter the directory specification. No matter how they are
@kindex e @r{(Dired)}
Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
+@ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all.
@item a
@kindex a @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-find-alternate-file
Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with
that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}).
+@end ignore
@item o
@kindex o @r{(Dired)}
Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
-@item Mouse-2
+@item Mouse-1
+@itemx Mouse-2
@findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
Visit the file named by the line you click on
(@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window
@item v
@kindex v @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-view-file
-View the file described on the current line, using either an external
-viewing program or @kbd{M-x view-file} (@code{dired-view-file}).
-
-@vindex dired-view-command-alist
-External viewers are used for certain file types under the control of
-@code{dired-view-command-alist}. Viewing a file with @code{view-file}
-is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file
+View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file}
+(@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is
+like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file
conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File
-Ops,View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
+Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
@item ^
@kindex ^ @r{(Dired)}
(@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
@item * !
+@itemx U
@kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
+@kindex U @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-unmark-all-marks
Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
(@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}).
@item * ? @var{markchar}
+@itemx M-@key{DEL}
@kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
+@kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-unmark-all-files
Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
(@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single
files without asking about them.
@item * C-n
+@itemx M-@}
@findex dired-next-marked-file
@kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
+@kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)}
Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
@item * C-p
+@itemx M-@{
@findex dired-prev-marked-file
@kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
+@kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)}
Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
-@item * t
+@item t
+@itemx * t
+@kindex t @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-toggle-marks
@cindex toggling marks (in Dired)
command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
@code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
-@pxref{Hardcopy}).
+@pxref{Printing}).
@findex dired-do-compress
@kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
file.
@item
-If the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by whitespace, the
-current file name is substituted for @samp{?}. You can use @samp{?}
-this way more than once in the command, and each occurrence is
-replaced. For instance, here is how to uuencode each file, making the
-output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file name:
-
-@example
-uuencode ? ? > ?.uu
-@end example
+However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by
+whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather
+than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once
+in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence.
@end itemize
To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an
-explicit shell loop. For example, this shell command is another way
-to uuencode each file:
+explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file,
+making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file
+name:
@example
for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
@end example
-@noindent
-This simple example doesn't require a shell loop (you can do it
-with @samp{?}, but it illustrates the technique.
-
The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
of the Dired buffer.
can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
without having to remove the markers.
- The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was
-visible, and show what was hidden.
-
@node Dired Updating
@section Updating the Dired Buffer
@cindex updating Dired buffer
arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
@var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
@var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and
-@code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}.
+@code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}.
Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
(An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but keeps only lines
matching a given regular expression.
-These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers. File
+ These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers. File
operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer.
Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories,
and erases all flags and marks.
-@node Misc Dired Commands
-@section Other Dired Commands
+@node Wdired
+@section Editing the Dired Buffer
+
+@cindex wdired mode
+@findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode
+ Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations
+by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands
+for ``writable''.) To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{M-x
+wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively,
+use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu.
+
+@findex wdired-finish-edit
+ While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names
+displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing
+commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are
+available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c}
+(@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches
+back to ordinary Dired mode.
+
+ Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another
+directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or
+relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire filename.
+To change the target of a symbolic link, just edit the target name
+displayed next to the link name.
+
+ The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and
+modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it.
+However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to
+@code{t}, the file permission bits can also be edited. For example,
+you can change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file
+world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c
+C-c}.
+
+@node Misc Dired Features
+@section Other Dired Features
-@table @kbd
-@item w
@cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired.
@kindex w @r{(Dired)}
@findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill
-The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
+ The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if
-you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. With a zero prefix argument
-@var{n}=0, use the absolute file name of each marked file. With just
-@kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, use the relative file name of each
-marked file. As a special case, if no prefix argument is given and
-point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the name of that
-directory without looking for marked files.
-
-@vindex dired-marked-files
-The main purpose of the @kbd{w} command is so that you can yank the
-file names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays
-what was pushed onto the kill ring, so you can use it to display the
-list of currently marked files in the echo area. It also stores the
-list of names in the variable @code{dired-marked-files}, for use in
-Lisp expressions.
-@end table
+you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space.
+
+ The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file
+names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what
+was pushed onto the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list
+of currently marked files in the echo area. With a zero prefix
+argument, this uses the absolute file name of each marked file. With
+just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses file names relative to
+the Dired buffer's default directory. (This can still contain slashes
+if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, if point is on a directory
+headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute name of that directory.
+Any prefix argument or marked files are ignored in this case.
+
+@findex dired-compare-directories
+ The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare
+the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files
+that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks
+in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes
+the current buffer.
+
+ The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the
+prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does
+not appear in the other directory is ``different''. You can specify
+more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can
+refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective
+file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification
+times in seconds, as floating point numers; and @code{fa1} and
+@code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the
+function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for
+each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is
+non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different''.
+
+ For instance, @code{M-x dired-compare-directories @key{RET} (>
+mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this directory than in
+the other, and marks files older in the other directory than in this
+one. It also marks files with no counterpart, in both directories, as
+always.
+
+@cindex drag and drop, Dired
+ On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop''
+protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop
+it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link
+to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is
+determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired
+buffer is currently not supported.
@ignore
arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1