-You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation.
+Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
-
+
Previous line, C-p
:
:
because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
-
+
>> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
to a line near this one with just one command.
saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
ahead and execute the command.
-If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
-question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
-command, answer the question with "n".
+If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
+answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
+disabled command, answer the question with "n".
>> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
then type n to answer the question.
Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
- <Delback> delete the character just before the cursor
- C-d delete the next character after the cursor
+ <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
+ C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
- M-<Delback> kill the word immediately before the cursor
- M-d kill the next word after the cursor
+ M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
+ M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
- C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
- M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
+ C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
+ M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
-You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
-Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).
-(SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type
-C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions.
+You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
+to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
+is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
+That kills all the text between the two positions.
>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
->> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
+>> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
at the bottom of the screen.
>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
paragraph.
Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
-or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
-You can yank the same text several times; that makes multiple copies
-of it.
+or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
+different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
+multiple copies of it.
The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
at the current cursor position.
session.
>> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
- Then type C-b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
+ Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
-commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
-them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
-example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
-C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
-offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
+commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
+of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
+example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
+session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
+changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
+it kills the Emacs.)
C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
back to the same Emacs session afterward.
There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
- C-x C-f Find file.
- C-x C-s Save file.
- C-x C-b List buffers.
- C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
- C-x 1 Delete all but one window.
- C-x u Undo.
+ C-x C-f Find file
+ C-x C-s Save file
+ C-x s Save some buffers
+ C-x C-b List buffers
+ C-x b Switch buffer
+ C-x C-c Quit Emacs
+ C-x 1 Delete all but one window
+ C-x u Undo
Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
The mode line says something like this:
---:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+--:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
the text you are editing.
You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
-found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
-that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
-top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
---00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
---Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
-the screen, the mode line says --All--.
+found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
+NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
+the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
+bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
+looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
+line says "All".
The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
current line number of point.
The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
-what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
+what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
should probably use Text Mode.
+
>> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
- (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
+ (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
-If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
-does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because
-CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
-its own right, not a modifier key.
+If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
+order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
+CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
+in its own right, not a modifier key.
>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
-To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
-an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
-extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
+To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
+That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
+eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
->> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
+>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
+ get out.
You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
description of the command.
>> Type C-h c C-p.
- The message should be something like
+
+The message should be something like this:
C-p runs the command previous-line
This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation
+Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+ 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
+
+;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55