@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
-@set EDITION Fourteenth
-@set EMACSVER 22.0.50
+@set EDITION Sixteenth
+@set EMACSVER 22.0.91
@copying
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
-``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
+Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
+``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License.''
@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
@tex
@fonttextsize 10
+\global\hbadness=6000 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
@end tex
@defcodeindex op
@insertcopying
@sp 2
-ISBN 1-882114-06-X @*
+ISBN 1-882114-86-8*
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
* Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
* Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
-Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
+Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
* Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
* Command Index:: An item for each command name.
* Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
* Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
the number of characters you must type.
+@ifnottex
+* Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using
+ the quarter-plane screen model.
+@end ifnottex
* Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
* Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
* Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
* Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
* Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
+* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
-* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Misc Help:: Other help commands.
* Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files.
* Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')
Controlling the Display
* Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
+* Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
* Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
* Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
* Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
+* Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
* Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
* Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
* Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
* Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
+* Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
+ of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
* Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
Searching and Replacement
* Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text.
* Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
* Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
-* XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.
+* Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals.
International Character Set Support
* Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
+* Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
+* Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
* Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
* Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
* File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
* Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
* Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
+@ifnottex
+Editing Pictures
+
+* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
+* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
+ after "self-inserting" characters.
+* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
+* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
+@end ifnottex
+
Sending Mail
* Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
-* LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
+* Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
Emacs and Microsoft Windows
-* Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
+* Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
+* Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows.
+* ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
+* Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}.
+* Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features.
+* Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features.
* Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
-* Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
+* Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
+* Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features.
@end menu
@iftex
@node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
@unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
-Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Tomas Abrahamsson,
-Jay K.@: Adams, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Eli
-Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Per
-Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot,
-Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan,
-W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris
-Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn
-Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp,
-Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott
-Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert,
-Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik
-Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar
-Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
-Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo,
-Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{i}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien
-Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
-Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Henry
-Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman,
-John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu
-Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Denis Howe, Lars
-Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Ulf Jasper, Michael
-K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Tomoji Kagatani,
-Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard
-Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Larry K.@: Kolodney,
-Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki
-Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff
-Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James
-R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg,
-Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Dave
-Love, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen,
-Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
-Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
-Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Richard
+Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
+Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf
+Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero,
+Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff,
+Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd,
+Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel
+Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges
+Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per
+Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi,
+Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew
+Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Michael DeCorte,
+Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik,
+Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert,
+Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami,
+Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach,
+Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain
+Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith
+Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan
+Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien
+Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky,
+Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael
+Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen,
+Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan,
+Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders
+Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove,
+Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel
+Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry
+Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster
+Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi
+Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg,
+Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@:
+Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard
+Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario
+Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner
+Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris
+Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio,
+Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan
+Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer,
+Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie
+Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson,
+Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard
Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith
-Moore, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike
-Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman,
-Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit,
+Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas
+Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan
+Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre
+Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit,
David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William
-M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard
-L.@: Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco
-A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin
-Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky,
-Rob Riepel, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: Roberts, John Robinson, Danny
-Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Ivar Rummelhoff,
-Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko
-Sato, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor
+M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@:
+Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco
+A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko
+Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold,
+Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@:
+Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt,
+Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney,
+Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen
+Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor
Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan
-Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, Oliver
-Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark
-Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey,
-Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel,
-Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, Ake
-Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin
-Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto
-Takahashi, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann,
-Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Tom Tromey, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda,
-Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth,
-Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, Colin Walters, Barry
-Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John
-Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood,
-Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler,
-Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal,
-Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian
-T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, and Detlev Zundel.
+Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal
+Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav
+Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund,
+Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith,
+Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats,
+Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken
+Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve
+Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe
+Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson,
+Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno,
+Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier
+Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John
+Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph
+Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams,
+Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright,
+Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato,
+Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Chong Yidong, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan
+Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu,
+Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov,
+and Detlev Zundel.
@end iftex
@node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top
@include building.texi
@include maintaining.texi
@include abbrevs.texi
+@ifnottex
+@include picture-xtra.texi
+@end ifnottex
@include sending.texi
@include rmail.texi
@include dired.texi
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
-the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
+the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
@iftex
@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@enumerate 0
@item
@iftex
@heading NO WARRANTY
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center NO WARRANTY
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@item
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
@iftex
@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@page
@unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
@smallexample
@var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
-Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author}
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
when it starts in an interactive mode:
@smallexample
-Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author}
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
-library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
+library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.
@include doclicense.texi
@include cmdargs.texi
-@iftex
-@include xresmini.texi
-@end iftex
-@ifnottex
@include xresources.texi
-@end ifnottex
@include anti.texi
@include macos.texi