@c [title]
@settitle GNU Emacs Calc 2.02g Manual
@setchapternewpage odd
-@dircategory Emacs
-@direntry
-* Calc: (calc). Advanced desk calculator and mathematical tool.
-@end direntry
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@tex
@end ignore
@end iftex
-@ifnottex
+@copying
This file documents Calc, the GNU Emacs calculator.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
-@end ifnottex
+@end quotation
+@end copying
+
+@dircategory Emacs
+@direntry
+* Calc: (calc). Advanced desk calculator and mathematical tool.
+@end direntry
@titlepage
@sp 6
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being just ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the
-Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover
-Texts as in (a) below.
-
-(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
-this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
-Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
+@insertcopying
@end titlepage
@c [begin]
@noindent
@dfn{Keypad Mode} is a mouse-based interface to the Calculator.
-It is designed for use with the X window system. If you don't
-have X, you will have to operate keypad mode with your arrow
-keys (which is probably more trouble than it's worth). Keypad
+It is designed for use with terminals that support a mouse. If you
+don't have a mouse, you will have to operate keypad mode with your
+arrow keys (which is probably more trouble than it's worth). Keypad
mode is currently not supported under Emacs 19.
Type @kbd{M-# k} to turn Keypad Mode on or off. Once again you
with a single capital letter showing which letter you press to get
that command. We have used @kbd{t n}, @kbd{t p}, @kbd{t ]}, and
@kbd{t y} so far. The @samp{[MORE]} means you can press @kbd{?}
-again to see more @kbd{t}-prefix comands. Notice that the commands
+again to see more @kbd{t}-prefix commands. Notice that the commands
are roughly divided (by semicolons) into related groups.
When you are in the help display for a prefix key, the prefix is
infinity we had earlier. If you work it out, you might expect
the answer to be @i{-72} for this. But the 72 has been completely
lost next to the infinities; by the time we compute @w{@samp{inf - inf}}
-the finite difference between them, if any, is indetectable.
+the finite difference between them, if any, is undetectable.
So we say the result is @dfn{indeterminate}, which Calc writes
with the symbol @code{nan} (for Not A Number).
@end group
@end smallexample
-@ifinfo
@noindent
-Et voila, September 13, 1991 is a Friday.
-@end ifinfo
-@tex
-\noindent
-{\it Et voil{\accent"12 a}}, September 13, 1991 is a Friday.
-@end tex
+Et voil@`a, September 13, 1991 is a Friday.
@smallexample
@group
@noindent
@cindex Stack basics
@c [fix-tut RPN Calculations and the Stack]
-Calc uses RPN notation. If you are not familar with RPN, @pxref{RPN
+Calc uses RPN notation. If you are not familiar with RPN, @pxref{RPN
Tutorial}.
To add the numbers 1 and 2 in Calc you would type the keys:
decimal point. Decreasing the precision below 12 may cause the
time part of a date form to become inaccurate. This can also happen
if astronomically high years are used, though this will not be an
-issue in everyday (or even everymillenium) use. Note that date
+issue in everyday (or even everymillennium) use. Note that date
forms without times are stored as exact integers, so roundoff is
never an issue for them.
from 3 a.m.@: to 4 a.m. At the end of daylight savings time, the
hour from 1 a.m.@: to 2 a.m.@: repeats itself; converting a date/time
form that falls in in this hour results in a time value for the first
-manifestion of that time (@emph{not} the one that occurs one hour later).
+manifestation of that time (@emph{not} the one that occurs one hour later).
If @code{math-daylight-savings-hook} is @code{nil}, then the
daylight savings adjustment is always taken to be zero.
@cindex @code{phi} variable
@cindex Phi, golden ratio
@cindex Golden ratio
-One miscellanous command is shift-@kbd{P} (@code{calc-pi}), which pushes
+One miscellaneous command is shift-@kbd{P} (@code{calc-pi}), which pushes
the value of @c{$\pi$}
@cite{pi} (at the current precision) onto the stack. With the
Hyperbolic flag, it pushes the value @cite{e}, the base of natural logarithms.
are not ``identical.'' Variables are treated like plain symbols without
attached values by the set operations; subtracting the set @samp{[b]}
from @samp{[a, b]} always yields the set @samp{[a]} even though if
-the variables @samp{a} and @samp{b} both equalled 17, you might
+the variables @samp{a} and @samp{b} both equaled 17, you might
expect the answer @samp{[]}.
If a set contains interval forms, then it is assumed to be a set of
is not turned on. (If you work with symbolic mode on, recall that the
@kbd{N} (@code{calc-eval-num}) key is a handy way to reevaluate the
formula on the stack with symbolic mode temporarily off.) Naturally,
-@kbd{a P} can only provide numerical roots if the polynomial coefficents
+@kbd{a P} can only provide numerical roots if the polynomial coefficients
are all numbers (real or complex).
@node Solving Systems of Equations, Decomposing Polynomials, Multiple Solutions, Solving Equations
where it has a minimum). But there @emph{will} be a difference
in the estimated errors of the coefficients reported by @kbd{H a F}.
-Consult any text on statistical modelling of data for a discussion
+Consult any text on statistical modeling of data for a discussion
of where these error estimates come from and how they should be
interpreted.
matches anything else by binding the whole expression to @cite{x} and
zero to @cite{y}. The other operators above work similarly.@refill
-For general miscellanous functions, the default value @code{def}
+For general miscellaneous functions, the default value @code{def}
must be specified. Optional arguments are dropped starting with
the rightmost one during matching. For example, the pattern
@samp{f(opt(a,0), b, opt(c,b))} will match @samp{f(b)}, @samp{f(a,b)},
will be careful to bind @samp{a} to the second argument of @code{f}
before testing the first argument. If Calc had tried to match the
first argument of @code{f} first, the results would have been
-disasterous: Since @code{a} was unbound so far, the pattern @samp{a}
+disastrous: since @code{a} was unbound so far, the pattern @samp{a}
would have matched anything at all, and the pattern @samp{!!!a}
therefore would @emph{not} have matched anything at all!
be made simpler by squaring. For example, applying this rule to
@samp{2 / (sqrt(2) + 3)} yields @samp{6:7 - 2:7 sqrt(2)} (assuming
Symbolic Mode has been enabled to keep the square root from being
-evaulated to a floating-point approximation). This rule is also
+evaluated to a floating-point approximation). This rule is also
useful when working with symbolic complex numbers, e.g.,
@samp{(a + b i) / (c + d i)}.
@pindex calc-permanent-variable
@cindex Storing variables
@cindex Permanent variables
-@cindex @file{.emacs} file, veriables
+@cindex @file{.emacs} file, variables
The @kbd{s p} (@code{calc-permanent-variable}) command saves a
variable's value permanently in your @file{.emacs} file, so that its
value will still be available in future Emacs sessions. You can
@kindex M-# j
@pindex calc-embedded-select
The @kbd{M-# j} (@code{calc-embedded-select}) command provides an
-easy way to operate on assigments. It is just like @kbd{M-# e},
+easy way to operate on assignments. It is just like @kbd{M-# e},
except that if the enabled formula is an assignment, it uses
@kbd{j 2} to select the righthand side. If the enabled formula
is an evaluates-to, it uses @kbd{j 1} to select the lefthand side.
to a suitable range, namely, plus-or-minus @c{$\pi \over 4$}
@cite{pi/4}. Note that each
test, and particularly the first comparison against 7, is designed so
-that small roundoff errors cannnot produce an infinite loop. (Suppose
+that small roundoff errors cannot produce an infinite loop. (Suppose
we compared with @samp{(two-pi)} instead; if due to roundoff problems
the modulo operator ever returned @samp{(two-pi)} exactly, an infinite
recursion could result!) We use modulo only for arguments that will
structure.
There is also a @code{rawnum} symbol, which is a combination of
-@code{raw} (returning a raw Calc object) and @code{num} (signalling
+@code{raw} (returning a raw Calc object) and @code{num} (signaling
an error if that object is not a constant).
You can pass a raw Calc object to @code{calc-eval} in place of a