\input texinfo
-@setchapternewpage odd
-@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@setfilename ../info/emacs
-@defcodeindex op
-@synindex pg cp
+@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
@set EDITION Fourteenth
-@set EMACSVER 21.2.50
+@set EMACSVER 21.3.50
-@ifnottex
+@copying
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
-@dircategory Emacs
-@direntry
-* Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
-@end direntry
-
-Published by the Free Software Foundation
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330
-Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
-
-Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001
- Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
+1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
-@end ifnottex
+@end quotation
+@end copying
+
+@dircategory Emacs
+@direntry
+* Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
+@end direntry
@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
@c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
-@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
+@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
@c @smallbook
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@defcodeindex op
+@synindex pg cp
+
@iftex
@kbdinputstyle code
@shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
@end iftex
+
@titlepage
@sp 6
@center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
@center Richard Stallman
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
- Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@sp 2
-@value{EDITION} Edition @*
-Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}, @*
-August 2000
+@insertcopying
-ISBN 1-882114-06-X
-@sp 1
+@sp 2
+ISBN 1-882114-06-X @*
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
-@sp 1
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
-``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
-Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
-license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
-License.''
-
-(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
-this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
-Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
@ifinfo
If you never before used the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h},
-and Emacs will take you on a guided tour through the Info commands.
+and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the
+Info commands.
@end ifinfo
For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
* Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
editing action.
* Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
-* Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
+* Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
and strings).
* Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
-* Killing:: Killing text.
-* Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
+* Killing:: Killing (cutting) text.
+* Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.)
* Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
* Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
* Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
+* Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
+ keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
Major Structures of Emacs
* Files:: All about handling files.
* Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
* Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
-* International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).
+* International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features).
Advanced Features
* Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
blank areas.
* Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
* Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
- syntactic units such as words and sentences.
+ syntactic units such as words and sentences.
Yanking
* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
+Keyboard Macros
+
+* Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
+* Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
+* Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
+* Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
+* Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
+* Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
+* Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro.
+
File Handling
* File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
* Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
and operate variously on several of them.
-* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
+* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
Multiple Windows
* Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
-* Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
+* Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
* Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.
* Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
* Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
* Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
and other neat features.
-* Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style.
Fortran Mode
* Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
* Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
for use in the compilation buffer.
-* Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
-* Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
+* Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
+* Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
with different facilities for running
- the Lisp programs.
+ the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
* Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
-* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
+* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
Running Debuggers Under Emacs
Tags Tables
-* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
+* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
-* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
+* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
* Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
* Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
-@sc{Gnus}
+Gnus
* Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
* Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
* Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
to decide what to do; by setting variables,
you can control their functioning.
-* Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
- keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
* Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
* Keyboard Translations::
If your keyboard passes an undesired code
for a key, you can tell Emacs to
- substitute another code.
+ substitute another code.
* Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
expressions are parsed.
* Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
- @file{.emacs} file.
+ @file{.emacs} file.
Variables
* Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
-Keyboard Macros
-
-* Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
-* Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
-* Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
-
Customizing Key Bindings
* Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
* Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
* Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
* Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
+* Misc X:: Other display options.
X Resources
properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
(@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
(@pxref{Bugs}).
-
+
To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.
@end iftex
-@node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top
+@node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top
@unnumbered Distribution
GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
-You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation
-on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
-also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
+You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software
+Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it
+is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
@iftex
+@node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
+@unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
+
Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe
Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz,
Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill
Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary
Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor
Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson,
-Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
-Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
+Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
+Frederick Farnbach, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen
Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa,
Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji
Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye,
Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz,
-Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
+Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric
Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring.
@end iftex
-@node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top
-@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+@node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top
+@unnumbered Introduction
+
+ You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
+self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
+(The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
+
+ We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
+being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
+type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
+
+ We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
+frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
+type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
+head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
+
+ We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
+simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
+indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
+formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
+sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
+several different programming languages.
+
+ @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
+character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
+also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
+that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
+
+ @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
+commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
+which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
+the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
+(@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
+command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
+commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
+keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
+
+ @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
+write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
+Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
+system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
+each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
+session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
+separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
+are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
+in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
+can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
+learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
+Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
+Foundation.
+
+ When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
+convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
+benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
+can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
+edit files while running shell commands.
+
+@include screen.texi
+@include commands.texi
+@include entering.texi
+@include basic.texi
+@include mini.texi
+@include m-x.texi
+@include help.texi
+@include mark.texi
+@include killing.texi
+@include regs.texi
+@include display.texi
+@include search.texi
+@include fixit.texi
+@include kmacro.texi
+@include files.texi
+@include buffers.texi
+@include windows.texi
+@include frames.texi
+@include mule.texi
+@include major.texi
+@include indent.texi
+@include text.texi
+@include programs.texi
+@include building.texi
+@include maintaining.texi
+@include abbrevs.texi
+@include picture.texi
+@include sending.texi
+@include rmail.texi
+@include dired.texi
+@include calendar.texi
+@include misc.texi
+@include custom.texi
+@include trouble.texi
+
+@node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top
+@appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@center Version 2, June 1991
@display
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author}
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
-to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
+to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
@end smallexample
@group
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
-(which makes passes at compilers) written
+(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.
@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
Public License instead of this License.
@include doclicense.texi
-
-@node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
-@unnumbered Introduction
-
- You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
-self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
-(The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
-
- We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
-being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
-type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
-
- We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
-frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
-type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
-head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
-
- We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
-simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
-indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
-formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
-sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
-several different programming languages.
-
- @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
-character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
-also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
-that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
-
- @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
-commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
-which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
-the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
-(@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
-command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
-commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
-keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
-
- @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
-write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
-Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
-system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
-each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
-session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
-separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
-are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
-in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
-can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
-learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
-Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
-Foundation.
-
- When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
-convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
-benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
-can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
-edit files while running shell commands.
-
-@include screen.texi
-@include commands.texi
-@include entering.texi
-@include basic.texi
-@include mini.texi
-@include m-x.texi
-@include help.texi
-@include mark.texi
-@include killing.texi
-@include regs.texi
-@include display.texi
-@include search.texi
-@include fixit.texi
-@include files.texi
-@include buffers.texi
-@include windows.texi
-@include frames.texi
-@include mule.texi
-@include major.texi
-@include indent.texi
-@include text.texi
-@include programs.texi
-@include building.texi
-@include maintaining.texi
-@include abbrevs.texi
-@include picture.texi
-@include sending.texi
-@include rmail.texi
-@include dired.texi
-@include calendar.texi
-@include misc.texi
-@include custom.texi
-@include trouble.texi
@include cmdargs.texi
@include xresources.texi
@include msdog.texi
@include gnu.texi
@include glossary.texi
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@include ack.texi
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
@c because the index entries related to command-line options
@contents
@bye
+@ignore
+ arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392
+@end ignore