@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
@set EDITION Fourteenth
-@set EMACSVER 22.0.50
+@set EMACSVER 22.0.51
@copying
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
-Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@sp 2
ISBN 1-882114-06-X @*
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
-Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
+Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
* Glossary:: The glossary.
-* Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20.
+* Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21.
* Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac.
* MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
* Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
* Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
+* Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
* Command Index:: An item for each command name.
* Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
* Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
-@c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line.
-@ifnottex
-* Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
-@end ifnottex
Important General Concepts
* Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
* Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
* Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
-* Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
-* PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
-* PostScript Variables::
- Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
+* Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
* Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
* Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
of the buffer.
* Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
in side-by-side windows.
-* Editing Binary Files::
- Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
-* Saving Emacs Sessions::
- Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
+* Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
+* Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
* Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
"within the command". This is called a
"recursive editing level".
* Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
* Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
+Detailed Node Listing
+---------------------
+
Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
- --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
-
The Organization of the Screen
* Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
change something.
* Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
* Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
-* Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
-* Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
+* Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
+* Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
* Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
* Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
* Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
+* Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
The Minibuffer
* Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
* Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
+* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Misc Help:: Other help commands.
+* Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files.
+* Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')
The Mark and the Region
* Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
* Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region--
when there is one.
+* Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily.
* Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
* Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
* Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
-Killing
+Killing and Moving Text
* Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
blank areas.
* RegText:: Saving text in registers.
* RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
* RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
+* RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers.
* RegFiles:: File names in registers.
* Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
Controlling the Display
* Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
+* Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces.
* Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
* Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
* Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
* Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
-* Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro.
+* Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
+ macro.
File Handling
* Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
* Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
* Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
+* File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
* Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
* Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
+* File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use.
+* File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files.
+* Filesets:: Handling sets of files.
Saving Files
* Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
* Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
of one file by two users.
+* File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
+* Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
Version Control
* Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
-* VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
+* VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
* Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
* Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
-* Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
+* Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
* Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
+* Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
* Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
* Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
* Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
* Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
and operate variously on several of them.
* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
+* Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for
+ buffer handling.
Multiple Windows
* Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
window rather than in another window.
* Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
+* Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
Frames and X Windows
* Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
* Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
* Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
+* Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
* Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
* Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
-* Single-Byte Character Support::
- You can pick one European character set
- to use without multibyte characters.
+* Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
+* Single-Byte Character Support:: You can pick one European character set
+ to use without multibyte characters.
+* Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
Major Modes
* Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
* Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
* TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
+* HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files.
* Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
* Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
+* Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion.
Filling Text
* Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
+* Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled.
* Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
* Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
or in a comment, etc.
* Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
+* Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines.
Editing Programs
* Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
of a program.
* Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
-* Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
+* Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
* Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
Fortran Mode
-* Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
-* Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
-* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
-* Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
-* Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
-* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
+* Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms.
+* Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran.
+* Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments.
+* Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
+* Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
+* Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
Compiling and Testing Programs
* Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
* Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
for use in the compilation buffer.
+* Grep Searching:: Searching with grep.
+* Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly.
* Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
* Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
with different facilities for running
the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
-* Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
+* Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
Running Debuggers Under Emacs
* Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
* Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
* GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
+* GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
+ implement a graphical debugging environment through
+ Emacs.
Maintaining Programs
* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
+* Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
+* Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
Editing Pictures
* Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
* Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
* Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
+* Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
* Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
* Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
* Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
* Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
* Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
+* Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes.
+* Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in
+ Various Formats
Dired, the Directory Editor
* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
+* Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
+* Misc Dired Features:: Various other features.
The Calendar and the Diary
* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
-* LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
+* LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
* Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
+* Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats.
* Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
+* Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals.
Movement in the Calendar
The Diary
-* Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
+* Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
* Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
* Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
* Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
* Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
+* Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
* Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
+* Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
* Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
+* Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
+* Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
+* Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator.
* Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
+Using Emacs as a Server
+
+* Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options.
+
+Hyperlinking and Navigation Features
+
+* Browse-URL:: Following URLs.
+* Goto-address:: Activating URLs.
+* FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point.
+
Customization
* Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
independently of any others.
-* Easy Customization::
- Convenient way to browse and change user options.
+* Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options.
* Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
to decide what to do; by setting variables,
you can control their functioning.
* Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
-* Keyboard Translations::
- If your keyboard passes an undesired code
- for a key, you can tell Emacs to
- substitute another code.
* Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
- expressions are parsed.
+ expressions are parsed.
* Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
@file{.emacs} file.
* Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
* Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
* Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
+* Non-ASCII Rebinding:: Rebinding non-@acronym{ASCII} characters such as Latin-1.
* Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
* Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
before it can be executed. This is done to protect
* Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
* Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
* Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
+* After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
* Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
What to do if Emacs stops responding.
* Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
Reporting Bugs
-* Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
-* Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
-* Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
-* Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
+* Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug?
+* Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
+* Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
+* Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
-Command Line Options and Arguments
+Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
* Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
and call functions.
* Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
* Misc X:: Other display options.
-X Resources
+Environment Variables
+
+* General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
+* Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
+* MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
+
+X Options and Resources
* Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
* Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
* Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces.
* Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
* LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
+* GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets.
-Environment Variables
+Emacs and the Mac OS
-* General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
-* Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
+* Mac Input:: Keyboard input on the Mac.
+* Mac International:: International character sets on the Mac.
+* Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs.
+* Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on the Mac.
+* Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on the Mac.
+* Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions.
MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT
* MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
* Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
* MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
+* MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
* Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
* Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
-development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
-Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department,
+development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
+Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, to Publications Department,
Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
-TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from
+TM-165, @cite{A Cookbook for an Emacs}, by Craig Finseth, available from
Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
@unnumbered Distribution
GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
-use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is
-not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
-on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
-everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
-not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
-of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are
-found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
-appears following this section.
-
-One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You
-need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
-copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
-distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
-@file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information.
+use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs
+is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
+restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
+to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
+What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
+any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise
+conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with
+Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself
+covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is
+similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable
+for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}.
+@xref{Copying}.
+
+One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
+You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else;
+just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the
+latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see
+@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more
+information.
You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software
-Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it
-is also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
-received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
-the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
-site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
-information, write to
+Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
+also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions
+of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp},
+by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at
+@url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information,
+write to
@display
Free Software Foundation
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330
-Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
+Boston, MA 02110-1301
USA
@end display
separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
-can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
-learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
-Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
-Foundation.
+can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. @xref{Top,
+Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An Introduction to Programming in
+Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs Lisp programming.
When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
@display
Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
@end smallexample
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.