X-Git-Url: https://code.delx.au/gnu-emacs/blobdiff_plain/6a43ef8e8508df7d732e639ec75f657f4363e27a..8a85c254de2528be0f3ff154fa24df65e6557c1a:/doc/emacs/basic.texi diff --git a/doc/emacs/basic.texi b/doc/emacs/basic.texi index 3e768ab54d..bec7774f2a 100644 --- a/doc/emacs/basic.texi +++ b/doc/emacs/basic.texi @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ @c This is part of the Emacs manual. -@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2000-2012 -@c Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2000-2014 Free Software +@c Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. -@node Basic, Minibuffer, Exiting, Top +@node Basic @chapter Basic Editing Commands @kindex C-h t @@ -40,14 +40,20 @@ forward, so that point remains just after the inserted text. @xref{Point}. @kindex RET +@kindex C-j @cindex newline +@c @findex electric-indent-just-newline To end a line and start a new one, type @key{RET} (@code{newline}). (The @key{RET} key may be labeled @key{Return} or @key{Enter} on your keyboard, but we refer to it as @key{RET} in this manual.) This -command inserts a newline character into the buffer. If point is at -the end of the line, the effect is to create a new blank line after -it; if point is in the middle of a line, the line is split at that -position. +command inserts a newline character into the buffer, then indents +(@pxref{Indentation}) according to the major mode. If point is at the end +of the line, the effect is to create a new blank line after it and +indent the new line; if point is in the middle of a line, the line is +split at that position. To turn off the auto-indentation, you can +either disable Electric Indent mode (@pxref{Indent Convenience}) or +type @kbd{C-j}, which inserts just a newline, without any +auto-indentation. As we explain later in this manual, you can change the way Emacs handles text insertion by turning on @dfn{minor modes}. For instance, @@ -61,7 +67,7 @@ instead of shoving it to the right. @xref{Minor Modes}. @findex quoted-insert Only graphic characters can be inserted by typing the associated key; other keys act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. -For instance, @kbd{DEL} runs the command @code{delete-backward-char} +For instance, @key{DEL} runs the command @code{delete-backward-char} by default (some modes bind it to a different command); it does not insert a literal @samp{DEL} character (@acronym{ASCII} character code 127). @@ -97,28 +103,29 @@ To use decimal or hexadecimal instead of octal, set the variable the letters @kbd{a} to @kbd{f} serve as part of a character code, just like digits. Case is ignored. -@findex ucs-insert +@findex insert-char @kindex C-x 8 RET @cindex Unicode characters, inserting @cindex insert Unicode character @cindex characters, inserting by name or code-point - Instead of @kbd{C-q}, you can use the command @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} -(@code{ucs-insert}). This prompts for the Unicode name or code-point + Alternatively, you can use the command @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} +(@code{insert-char}). This prompts for the Unicode name or code-point of a character, using the minibuffer. If you enter a name, the command provides completion (@pxref{Completion}). If you enter a -code-point, it should be a hexadecimal number (which is the convention -for Unicode). The command then inserts the corresponding character -into the buffer. For example, both of the following insert the -infinity sign (Unicode code-point @code{U+221E}): +code-point, it should be as a hexadecimal number (the convention for +Unicode), or a number with a specified radix, e.g., @code{#o23072} +(octal); @xref{Integer Basics,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference +Manual}. The command then inserts the corresponding character into +the buffer. For example, both of the following insert the infinity +sign (Unicode code-point @code{U+221E}): @example @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET} infinity @key{RET}} @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET} 221e @key{RET}} @end example - A numeric argument to either @kbd{C-q} or @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} -specifies how many copies of the character to insert -(@pxref{Arguments}). + A numeric argument to @kbd{C-q} or @kbd{C-x 8 @key{RET}} specifies +how many copies of the character to insert (@pxref{Arguments}). @node Moving Point @section Changing the Location of Point @@ -132,8 +139,8 @@ specifies how many copies of the character to insert point (@pxref{Point}). The keyboard commands @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, and @kbd{C-p} move point to the right, left, down, and up, respectively. You can also move point using the @dfn{arrow keys} -present on most keyboards: @kbd{@key{right}}, @kbd{@key{left}}, -@kbd{@key{down}}, and @kbd{@key{up}}; however, many Emacs users find +present on most keyboards: @key{RIGHT}, @key{LEFT}, +@key{DOWN}, and @key{UP}; however, many Emacs users find that it is slower to use the arrow keys than the control keys, because you need to move your hand to the area of the keyboard where those keys are located. @@ -149,28 +156,38 @@ keyboard commands that move point in more sophisticated ways. @findex forward-char Move forward one character (@code{forward-char}). -@item @key{right} +@item @key{RIGHT} @kindex RIGHT @findex right-char +@vindex visual-order-cursor-movement +@cindex cursor, visual-order motion This command (@code{right-char}) behaves like @kbd{C-f}, with one exception: when editing right-to-left scripts such as Arabic, it instead moves @emph{backward} if the current paragraph is a -right-to-left paragraph. @xref{Bidirectional Editing}. +right-to-left paragraph. @xref{Bidirectional Editing}. If +@code{visual-order-cursor-movement} is non-@code{nil}, this command +moves to the character that is to the right of the current screen +position, moving to the next or previous screen line as appropriate. +Note that this might potentially move point many buffer positions +away, depending on the surrounding bidirectional context. @item C-b @kindex C-b @findex backward-char Move backward one character (@code{backward-char}). -@item @key{left} +@item @key{LEFT} @kindex LEFT @findex left-char This command (@code{left-char}) behaves like @kbd{C-b}, except it moves @emph{forward} if the current paragraph is right-to-left. -@xref{Bidirectional Editing}. +@xref{Bidirectional Editing}. If @code{visual-order-cursor-movement} +is non-@code{nil}, this command moves to the character that is to the +left of the current screen position, moving to the previous or next +screen line as appropriate. @item C-n -@itemx @key{down} +@itemx @key{DOWN} @kindex C-n @kindex DOWN @findex next-line @@ -179,7 +196,7 @@ to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in the middle of one line, you move to the middle of the next. @item C-p -@itemx @key{up} +@itemx @key{UP} @kindex C-p @kindex UP @findex previous-line @@ -205,8 +222,8 @@ Move to the end of the line (@code{move-end-of-line}). @findex forward-word Move forward one word (@code{forward-word}). -@item C-@key{right} -@itemx M-@key{right} +@item C-@key{RIGHT} +@itemx M-@key{RIGHT} @kindex C-RIGHT @kindex M-RIGHT @findex right-word @@ -219,12 +236,12 @@ right-to-left. @xref{Bidirectional Editing}. @findex backward-word Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}). -@item C-@key{left} -@itemx M-@key{left} +@item C-@key{LEFT} +@itemx M-@key{LEFT} @kindex C-LEFT @kindex M-LEFT @findex left-word -This command (@code{left-word}) behaves like @kbd{M-f}, except it +This command (@code{left-word}) behaves like @kbd{M-b}, except it moves @emph{forward} by one word if the current paragraph is right-to-left. @xref{Bidirectional Editing}. @@ -266,7 +283,8 @@ necessary (@code{scroll-up-command}). @xref{Scrolling}. Scroll one screen backward, and move point onscreen if necessary (@code{scroll-down-command}). @xref{Scrolling}. -@item M-x goto-char +@item M-g c +@kindex M-g c @findex goto-char Read a number @var{n} and move point to buffer position @var{n}. Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer. @@ -284,6 +302,13 @@ also specify @var{n} by giving @kbd{M-g M-g} a numeric prefix argument. @xref{Select Buffer}, for the behavior of @kbd{M-g M-g} when you give it a plain prefix argument. +@item M-g @key{TAB} +@kindex M-g TAB +@findex move-to-column +Read a number @var{n} and move to column @var{n} in the current line. +Column 0 is the leftmost column. If called with a prefix argument, +move to the column number specified by the argument's numeric value. + @item C-x C-n @kindex C-x C-n @findex set-goal-column @@ -341,11 +366,11 @@ moves down into it. @table @kbd @item @key{DEL} -@itemx @key{Backspace} +@itemx @key{BACKSPACE} Delete the character before point, or the region if it is active (@code{delete-backward-char}). -@itemx @key{Delete} +@item @key{Delete} Delete the character after point, or the region if it is active (@code{delete-forward-char}). @@ -369,20 +394,20 @@ the preceding newline, joining this line to the previous one. If, however, the region is active, @kbd{@key{DEL}} instead deletes the text in the region. @xref{Mark}, for a description of the region. - On most keyboards, @key{DEL} is labeled @key{Backspace}, but we + On most keyboards, @key{DEL} is labeled @key{BACKSPACE}, but we refer to it as @key{DEL} in this manual. (Do not confuse @key{DEL} with the @key{Delete} key; we will discuss @key{Delete} momentarily.) -On some text-only terminals, Emacs may not recognize the @key{DEL} key +On some text terminals, Emacs may not recognize the @key{DEL} key properly. @xref{DEL Does Not Delete}, if you encounter this problem. - The @key{delete} (@code{delete-forward-char}) command deletes in the -``opposite direction'': it deletes the character after point, i.e. the + The @key{Delete} (@code{delete-forward-char}) command deletes in the +``opposite direction'': it deletes the character after point, i.e., the character under the cursor. If point was at the end of a line, this joins the following line onto this one. Like @kbd{@key{DEL}}, it deletes the text in the region if the region is active (@pxref{Mark}). @kbd{C-d} (@code{delete-char}) deletes the character after point, -similar to @key{delete}, but regardless of whether the region is +similar to @key{Delete}, but regardless of whether the region is active. @xref{Deletion}, for more detailed information about the above @@ -403,7 +428,8 @@ commands. @item C-/ Undo one entry of the undo records---usually, one command worth (@code{undo}). -@itemx C-x u + +@item C-x u @itemx C-_ The same. @end table @@ -530,7 +556,7 @@ too long to fit in the window, and Emacs displays it as two or more @dfn{continuation}, and the long logical line is called a @dfn{continued line}. On a graphical display, Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent arrows in the left and right window fringes. -On a text-only terminal, Emacs indicates line wrapping by displaying a +On a text terminal, Emacs indicates line wrapping by displaying a @samp{\} character at the right margin. Most commands that act on lines act on logical lines, not screen @@ -545,9 +571,9 @@ and up, respectively, by one screen line (@pxref{Moving Point}). continuing them. This means that every logical line occupies a single screen line; if it is longer than the width of the window, the rest of the line is not displayed. On a graphical display, a truncated line -is indicated by a small straight arrow in the right fringe; on a -text-only terminal, it is indicated by a @samp{$} character in the -right margin. @xref{Line Truncation}. +is indicated by a small straight arrow in the right fringe; on a text +terminal, it is indicated by a @samp{$} character in the right margin. +@xref{Line Truncation}. By default, continued lines are wrapped at the right window edge. Since the wrapping may occur in the middle of a word, continued lines @@ -617,12 +643,16 @@ narrowed region and the line number relative to the whole buffer. @kindex M-= @findex count-words-region -@findex count-words @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-words-region}) displays a message reporting -the number of lines, words, and characters in the region. @kbd{M-x -count-words} displays a similar message for the entire buffer, or for -the region if the region is @dfn{active}. @xref{Mark}, for an -explanation of the region. +the number of lines, words, and characters in the region +(@pxref{Mark}, for an explanation of the region). With a prefix +argument, @kbd{C-u M-=}, the command displays a count for the entire +buffer. + +@findex count-words + The command @kbd{M-x count-words} does the same job, but with a +different calling convention. It displays a count for the region if +the region is active, and for the buffer otherwise. @kindex C-x = @findex what-cursor-position @@ -668,7 +698,7 @@ those two positions are the accessible ones. @xref{Narrowing}. @cindex arguments to commands In the terminology of mathematics and computing, @dfn{argument} -means ``data provided to a function or operation.'' You can give any +means ``data provided to a function or operation''. You can give any Emacs command a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}). Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For example, giving @kbd{C-f} an argument of ten causes it to @@ -693,7 +723,7 @@ M-5 C-n moves down five lines. The keys @kbd{M-1}, @kbd{M-2}, and so on, as well as @kbd{M--}, are bound to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that set up an argument for the next -command. @kbd{Meta--} without digits normally means @minus{}1. +command. @kbd{M--} without digits normally means @minus{}1. If you enter more than one digit, you need not hold down the @key{META} key for the second and subsequent digits. Thus, to move @@ -743,7 +773,8 @@ the character @samp{1}. value. For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well. (@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.) For these -commands, it is enough to the argument with a single @kbd{C-u}. +commands, it is enough to specify the argument with a single +@kbd{C-u}. Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do something special when there is no argument. For example, the @@ -762,10 +793,10 @@ described when they come up; they exist to make an individual command more convenient, and they are documented in that command's documentation string. - We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument,'' -to emphasize that you type these argument before the command, and to -distinguish them from minibuffer arguments that come after the -command. + We use the term @dfn{prefix argument} to emphasize that you type +such arguments before the command, and to distinguish them from +minibuffer arguments (@pxref{Minibuffer}), which are entered after +invoking the command. @node Repeating @section Repeating a Command