X-Git-Url: https://code.delx.au/gnu-emacs/blobdiff_plain/f458a8e091b4a144736f2eaaebdcc773af2006fa..63db3c1b3ffa669435b10aa362115ef664990ab2:/etc/TUTORIAL diff --git a/etc/TUTORIAL b/etc/TUTORIAL index 81884a207a..5748d0d4e5 100644 --- a/etc/TUTORIAL +++ b/etc/TUTORIAL @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions. -Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation. +Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions. Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than @@ -50,9 +49,9 @@ The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: Find the cursor again and notice that the same text is near the cursor now. -You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to do scrolling, if your -terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use C-v -and M-v. +You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if +your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use +C-v and M-v. * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL @@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys, but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this: - + Previous line, C-p : : @@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument", because you type the argument before the command it applies to. For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. - + >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor to a line near this one with just one command. @@ -259,9 +258,9 @@ If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go ahead and execute the command. -If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the -question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled -command, answer the question with "n". +If you really want to try the command, type (the Space bar) in +answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the +disabled command, answer the question with "n". >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command), then type n to answer the question. @@ -303,15 +302,21 @@ can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted immediately. Type (the carriage-return key) to insert a Newline character. -You can delete the last character you typed by typing . - is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In -some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as , but not always! +You can delete the last character you typed by typing . + is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use, +outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is +normally a large key a couple of lines up from the key, and +it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace". + +If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you +use for . There may also be another key labeled "Delete" +somewhere else, but that's not . -More generally, deletes the character immediately before the +More generally, deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position. >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them - by typing a few times. Don't worry about this file + by typing a few times. Don't worry about this file being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is your personal copy of it. @@ -323,7 +328,7 @@ right margin indicates a line which has been continued. >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. You'll see a continuation line appear. ->> Use s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen +>> Use s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen line again. The continuation line goes away. You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. @@ -331,7 +336,7 @@ Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. ->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type . This +>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type . This merges that line with the previous line. >> Type to reinsert the Newline you deleted. @@ -346,27 +351,27 @@ You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: - delete the character just before the cursor - C-d delete the next character after the cursor + Delete the character just before the cursor + C-d Delete the next character after the cursor - M- kill the word immediately before the cursor - M-d kill the next word after the cursor + M- Kill the word immediately before the cursor + M-d Kill the next word after the cursor - C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line - M-k kill to the end of the current sentence + C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line + M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence -Notice that and C-d vs M- and M-d extend the parallel -started by C-f and M-f (well, is not really a control +Notice that and C-d vs M- and M-d extend the parallel +started by C-f and M-f (well, is not really a control character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. -You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method. -Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one). -(SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type -C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions. +You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move +to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C- (either one). ( +is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w. +That kills all the text between the two positions. >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph. ->> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" +>> Type C-. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" at the bottom of the screen. >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the paragraph. @@ -378,8 +383,8 @@ can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted. Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one -character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot -yank that text). +character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you +cannot yank that text). >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. @@ -395,9 +400,9 @@ lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, -or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file. -You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of -it. +or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a +different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes +multiple copies of it. The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text, at the current cursor position. @@ -600,7 +605,7 @@ messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs session. >> Type C-x b *Messages* to look at the buffer of messages. - Then type C-b TUTORIAL to come back to this tutorial. + Then type C-x b TUTORIAL to come back to this tutorial. If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, @@ -632,11 +637,12 @@ the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the -commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of -them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another -example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command -C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c -offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.) +commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few +of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for +example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs +session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing +changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before +it kills the Emacs.) C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go back to the same Emacs session afterward. @@ -660,12 +666,14 @@ with C-z instead of exiting Emacs. There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: - C-x C-f Find file. - C-x C-s Save file. - C-x C-b List buffers. - C-x C-c Quit Emacs. - C-x 1 Delete all but one window. - C-x u Undo. + C-x C-f Find file + C-x C-s Save file + C-x s Save some buffers + C-x C-b List buffers + C-x b Switch buffer + C-x C-c Quit Emacs + C-x 1 Delete all but one window + C-x u Undo Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An @@ -721,18 +729,18 @@ shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line". The mode line says something like this: ---:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- +--:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)----------------------- This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and the text you are editing. You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have -found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means -that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the -top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of ---00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say ---Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on -the screen, the mode line says --All--. +found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that +NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of +the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the +bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are +looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode +line says "All". The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the current line number of point. @@ -743,7 +751,7 @@ no stars, just dashes. The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is -what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". +what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode, @@ -759,8 +767,9 @@ major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to switch to Fundamental mode. -If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you +If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you should probably use Text Mode. + >> Type M-x text mode. Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in @@ -785,10 +794,10 @@ itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes. -One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English -text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line -in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a -line that is too wide. +One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing +human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs +breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert +text and make a line that is too wide. You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode. When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x @@ -842,7 +851,7 @@ you want to search for. terminates a search. character to notice what happens to the cursor. Now you have searched for "cursor", once. >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". ->> Now type four times and see how the cursor moves. +>> Now type four times and see how the cursor moves. >> Type to terminate the search. Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to @@ -858,12 +867,12 @@ letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". -If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type , +If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type , you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move -to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type . This erases +to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type . This erases the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to the first occurrence of "c". @@ -891,7 +900,7 @@ window on the screen at the same time. Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. - (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.) + (If you do not have a real META key, type C-v.) >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window. >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. @@ -915,10 +924,10 @@ META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. -If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order -does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because -CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in -its own right, not a modifier key. +If you do not have a real META key, and you use instead, the +order does matter: you must type followed by CONTROL-v, because +CONTROL- v will not work. This is because is a character +in its own right, not a modifier key. >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window. @@ -949,11 +958,12 @@ level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). -To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is -an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating -extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. +To get out of the recursive editing level, type . +That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for +eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. ->> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out. +>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type to + get out. You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the @@ -988,7 +998,8 @@ a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief description of the command. >> Type C-h c C-p. - The message should be something like + +The message should be something like this: C-p runs the command previous-line @@ -1092,7 +1103,8 @@ starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: -Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation +Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, + 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the @@ -1109,3 +1121,5 @@ The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software! + +;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55