From e0fc8fa2dd2e0a42c55027addc5c78090b5deac7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chong Yidong Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2006 03:19:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] * emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters, moved here from Emacs manual. * programs.texi (Fortran): Section moved to emacs-xtra. (Program Modes): Xref to Fortran in emacs-xtra. * maintaining.texi (Emerge): Moved to emacs-xtra. * files.texi (Comparing Files): Xref to Emerge in emacs-xtra. * picture.texi: File deleted. * text.texi (Text): Xref to Picture Mode in emacs-xtra. * abbrevs.texi (Abbrevs): * sending.texi (Sending Mail): Picture node removed. * emacs.texi (Top): Update node listings. --- man/ChangeLog | 18 + man/abbrevs.texi | 2 +- man/emacs-xtra.texi | 1182 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ man/emacs.texi | 37 -- man/files.texi | 4 +- man/maintaining.texi | 388 -------------- man/programs.texi | 519 +------------------ man/sending.texi | 2 +- man/text.texi | 6 + 9 files changed, 1212 insertions(+), 946 deletions(-) diff --git a/man/ChangeLog b/man/ChangeLog index 99c84283f8..7301e501d3 100644 --- a/man/ChangeLog +++ b/man/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,21 @@ +2006-03-15 Chong Yidong + + * emacs-xtra.texi (Emerge, Picture Mode. Fortran): New chapters, + moved here from Emacs manual. + + * programs.texi (Fortran): Section moved to emacs-xtra. + (Program Modes): Xref to Fortran in emacs-xtra. + + * maintaining.texi (Emerge): Moved to emacs-xtra. + * files.texi (Comparing Files): Xref to Emerge in emacs-xtra. + + * picture.texi: File deleted. + * text.texi (Text): Xref to Picture Mode in emacs-xtra. + * abbrevs.texi (Abbrevs): + * sending.texi (Sending Mail): Picture node removed. + + * emacs.texi (Top): Update node listings. + 2006-03-15 Carsten Dominik * org.texi: Version number change only. diff --git a/man/abbrevs.texi b/man/abbrevs.texi index 683da2204c..14b6bdbb9f 100644 --- a/man/abbrevs.texi +++ b/man/abbrevs.texi @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, @c 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. -@node Abbrevs, Picture, Maintaining, Top +@node Abbrevs, Sending Mail, Maintaining, Top @chapter Abbrevs @cindex abbrevs @cindex expansion (of abbrevs) diff --git a/man/emacs-xtra.texi b/man/emacs-xtra.texi index a352bc913c..9b3a76f543 100644 --- a/man/emacs-xtra.texi +++ b/man/emacs-xtra.texi @@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. * Subdir switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. +* Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. +* Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters + using the quarter-plane screen model. +* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. * Index:: @end menu @@ -1222,6 +1226,1184 @@ the European style, the order of the parameters is changed to @var{day}, If one of these functions decides that it applies to a certain date, it returns a value that contains @var{mark}. +@node Emerge +@chapter Merging Files with Emerge +@cindex Emerge +@cindex merging files + + It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and +modify the same program in two different directions. To recover from +this confusion, you need to merge the two versions. Emerge makes this +easier. For other ways to compare files, see @ref{Comparing Files,,, +emacs, the Emacs Manual} and @ref{Top, Ediff,, ediff, The Ediff +Manual}. + +@menu +* Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. +* Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. + Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. +* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B + for each difference. +* Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, + changing states of differences, etc. +* Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. +* Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. +* Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. +@end menu + +@node Overview of Emerge +@section Overview of Emerge + + To start Emerge, run one of these four commands: + +@table @kbd +@item M-x emerge-files +@findex emerge-files +Merge two specified files. + +@item M-x emerge-files-with-ancestor +@findex emerge-files-with-ancestor +Merge two specified files, with reference to a common ancestor. + +@item M-x emerge-buffers +@findex emerge-buffers +Merge two buffers. + +@item M-x emerge-buffers-with-ancestor +@findex emerge-buffers-with-ancestor +Merge two buffers with reference to a common ancestor in a third +buffer. +@end table + +@cindex merge buffer (Emerge) +@cindex A and B buffers (Emerge) + The Emerge commands compare two files or buffers, and display the +comparison in three buffers: one for each input text (the @dfn{A buffer} +and the @dfn{B buffer}), and one (the @dfn{merge buffer}) where merging +takes place. The merge buffer shows the full merged text, not just the +differences. Wherever the two input texts differ, you can choose which +one of them to include in the merge buffer. + + The Emerge commands that take input from existing buffers use only +the accessible portions of those buffers, if they are narrowed. +@xref{Narrowing,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. + + + If a common ancestor version is available, from which the two texts to +be merged were both derived, Emerge can use it to guess which +alternative is right. Wherever one current version agrees with the +ancestor, Emerge presumes that the other current version is a deliberate +change which should be kept in the merged version. Use the +@samp{with-ancestor} commands if you want to specify a common ancestor +text. These commands read three file or buffer names---variant A, +variant B, and the common ancestor. + + After the comparison is done and the buffers are prepared, the +interactive merging starts. You control the merging by typing special +@dfn{merge commands} in the merge buffer (@pxref{Merge Commands}). +For each run of differences between the input texts, you can choose +which one of them to keep, or edit them both together. + + The merge buffer uses a special major mode, Emerge mode, with commands +for making these choices. But you can also edit the buffer with +ordinary Emacs commands. + + At any given time, the attention of Emerge is focused on one +particular difference, called the @dfn{selected} difference. This +difference is marked off in the three buffers like this: + +@example +vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv +@var{text that differs} +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +@end example + +@noindent +Emerge numbers all the differences sequentially and the mode +line always shows the number of the selected difference. + + Normally, the merge buffer starts out with the A version of the text. +But when the A version of a difference agrees with the common ancestor, +then the B version is initially preferred for that difference. + + Emerge leaves the merged text in the merge buffer when you exit. At +that point, you can save it in a file with @kbd{C-x C-w}. If you give a +numeric argument to @code{emerge-files} or +@code{emerge-files-with-ancestor}, it reads the name of the output file +using the minibuffer. (This is the last file name those commands read.) +Then exiting from Emerge saves the merged text in the output file. + + Normally, Emerge commands save the output buffer in its file when you +exit. If you abort Emerge with @kbd{C-]}, the Emerge command does not +save the output buffer, but you can save it yourself if you wish. + +@node Submodes of Emerge +@section Submodes of Emerge + + You can choose between two modes for giving merge commands: Fast mode +and Edit mode. In Fast mode, basic merge commands are single +characters, but ordinary Emacs commands are disabled. This is +convenient if you use only merge commands. In Edit mode, all merge +commands start with the prefix key @kbd{C-c C-c}, and the normal Emacs +commands are also available. This allows editing the merge buffer, but +slows down Emerge operations. + + Use @kbd{e} to switch to Edit mode, and @kbd{C-c C-c f} to switch to +Fast mode. The mode line indicates Edit and Fast modes with @samp{E} +and @samp{F}. + + Emerge has two additional submodes that affect how particular merge +commands work: Auto Advance mode and Skip Prefers mode. + + If Auto Advance mode is in effect, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands +advance to the next difference. This lets you go through the merge +faster as long as you simply choose one of the alternatives from the +input. The mode line indicates Auto Advance mode with @samp{A}. + + If Skip Prefers mode is in effect, the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} commands +skip over differences in states prefer-A and prefer-B (@pxref{State of +Difference}). Thus you see only differences for which neither version +is presumed ``correct.'' The mode line indicates Skip Prefers mode with +@samp{S}. + +@findex emerge-auto-advance-mode +@findex emerge-skip-prefers-mode + Use the command @kbd{s a} (@code{emerge-auto-advance-mode}) to set or +clear Auto Advance mode. Use @kbd{s s} +(@code{emerge-skip-prefers-mode}) to set or clear Skip Prefers mode. +These commands turn on the mode with a positive argument, turns it off +with a negative or zero argument, and toggle the mode with no argument. + +@node State of Difference +@section State of a Difference + + In the merge buffer, a difference is marked with lines of @samp{v} and +@samp{^} characters. Each difference has one of these seven states: + +@table @asis +@item A +The difference is showing the A version. The @kbd{a} command always +produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{A}. + +@item B +The difference is showing the B version. The @kbd{b} command always +produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{B}. + +@item default-A +@itemx default-B +The difference is showing the A or the B state by default, because you +haven't made a choice. All differences start in the default-A state +(and thus the merge buffer is a copy of the A buffer), except those for +which one alternative is ``preferred'' (see below). + +When you select a difference, its state changes from default-A or +default-B to plain A or B. Thus, the selected difference never has +state default-A or default-B, and these states are never displayed in +the mode line. + +The command @kbd{d a} chooses default-A as the default state, and @kbd{d +b} chooses default-B. This chosen default applies to all differences +which you haven't ever selected and for which no alternative is preferred. +If you are moving through the merge sequentially, the differences you +haven't selected are those following the selected one. Thus, while +moving sequentially, you can effectively make the A version the default +for some sections of the merge buffer and the B version the default for +others by using @kbd{d a} and @kbd{d b} between sections. + +@item prefer-A +@itemx prefer-B +The difference is showing the A or B state because it is +@dfn{preferred}. This means that you haven't made an explicit choice, +but one alternative seems likely to be right because the other +alternative agrees with the common ancestor. Thus, where the A buffer +agrees with the common ancestor, the B version is preferred, because +chances are it is the one that was actually changed. + +These two states are displayed in the mode line as @samp{A*} and @samp{B*}. + +@item combined +The difference is showing a combination of the A and B states, as a +result of the @kbd{x c} or @kbd{x C} commands. + +Once a difference is in this state, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands +don't do anything to it unless you give them a numeric argument. + +The mode line displays this state as @samp{comb}. +@end table + +@node Merge Commands +@section Merge Commands + + Here are the Merge commands for Fast mode; in Edit mode, precede them +with @kbd{C-c C-c}: + +@table @kbd +@item p +Select the previous difference. + +@item n +Select the next difference. + +@item a +Choose the A version of this difference. + +@item b +Choose the B version of this difference. + +@item C-u @var{n} j +Select difference number @var{n}. + +@item . +Select the difference containing point. You can use this command in the +merge buffer or in the A or B buffer. + +@item q +Quit---finish the merge. + +@item C-] +Abort---exit merging and do not save the output. + +@item f +Go into Fast mode. (In Edit mode, this is actually @kbd{C-c C-c f}.) + +@item e +Go into Edit mode. + +@item l +Recenter (like @kbd{C-l}) all three windows. + +@item - +Specify part of a prefix numeric argument. + +@item @var{digit} +Also specify part of a prefix numeric argument. + +@item d a +Choose the A version as the default from here down in +the merge buffer. + +@item d b +Choose the B version as the default from here down in +the merge buffer. + +@item c a +Copy the A version of this difference into the kill ring. + +@item c b +Copy the B version of this difference into the kill ring. + +@item i a +Insert the A version of this difference at point. + +@item i b +Insert the B version of this difference at point. + +@item m +Put point and mark around the difference. + +@item ^ +Scroll all three windows down (like @kbd{M-v}). + +@item v +Scroll all three windows up (like @kbd{C-v}). + +@item < +Scroll all three windows left (like @kbd{C-x <}). + +@item > +Scroll all three windows right (like @kbd{C-x >}). + +@item | +Reset horizontal scroll on all three windows. + +@item x 1 +Shrink the merge window to one line. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore it +to full size.) + +@item x c +Combine the two versions of this difference (@pxref{Combining in +Emerge}). + +@item x f +Show the names of the files/buffers Emerge is operating on, in a Help +window. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore windows.) + +@item x j +Join this difference with the following one. +(@kbd{C-u x j} joins this difference with the previous one.) + +@item x s +Split this difference into two differences. Before you use this +command, position point in each of the three buffers at the place where +you want to split the difference. + +@item x t +Trim identical lines off the top and bottom of the difference. +Such lines occur when the A and B versions are +identical but differ from the ancestor version. +@end table + +@node Exiting Emerge +@section Exiting Emerge + + The @kbd{q} command (@code{emerge-quit}) finishes the merge, storing +the results into the output file if you specified one. It restores the +A and B buffers to their proper contents, or kills them if they were +created by Emerge and you haven't changed them. It also disables the +Emerge commands in the merge buffer, since executing them later could +damage the contents of the various buffers. + + @kbd{C-]} aborts the merge. This means exiting without writing the +output file. If you didn't specify an output file, then there is no +real difference between aborting and finishing the merge. + + If the Emerge command was called from another Lisp program, then its +return value is @code{t} for successful completion, or @code{nil} if you +abort. + +@node Combining in Emerge +@section Combining the Two Versions + + Sometimes you want to keep @emph{both} alternatives for a particular +difference. To do this, use @kbd{x c}, which edits the merge buffer +like this: + +@example +@group +#ifdef NEW +@var{version from A buffer} +#else /* not NEW */ +@var{version from B buffer} +#endif /* not NEW */ +@end group +@end example + +@noindent +@vindex emerge-combine-versions-template +While this example shows C preprocessor conditionals delimiting the two +alternative versions, you can specify the strings to use by setting +the variable @code{emerge-combine-versions-template} to a string of your +choice. In the string, @samp{%a} says where to put version A, and +@samp{%b} says where to put version B. The default setting, which +produces the results shown above, looks like this: + +@example +@group +"#ifdef NEW\n%a#else /* not NEW */\n%b#endif /* not NEW */\n" +@end group +@end example + +@node Fine Points of Emerge +@section Fine Points of Emerge + + During the merge, you mustn't try to edit the A and B buffers yourself. +Emerge modifies them temporarily, but ultimately puts them back the way +they were. + + You can have any number of merges going at once---just don't use any one +buffer as input to more than one merge at once, since the temporary +changes made in these buffers would get in each other's way. + + Starting Emerge can take a long time because it needs to compare the +files fully. Emacs can't do anything else until @code{diff} finishes. +Perhaps in the future someone will change Emerge to do the comparison in +the background when the input files are large---then you could keep on +doing other things with Emacs until Emerge is ready to accept +commands. + +@vindex emerge-startup-hook + After setting up the merge, Emerge runs the hook +@code{emerge-startup-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. + +@node Picture Mode +@chapter Editing Pictures +@cindex pictures +@cindex making pictures out of text characters +@findex edit-picture + + To edit a picture made out of text characters (for example, a picture +of the division of a register into fields, as a comment in a program), +use the command @kbd{M-x edit-picture} to enter Picture mode. + + In Picture mode, editing is based on the @dfn{quarter-plane} model of +text, according to which the text characters lie studded on an area that +stretches infinitely far to the right and downward. The concept of the end +of a line does not exist in this model; the most you can say is where the +last nonblank character on the line is found. + + Of course, Emacs really always considers text as a sequence of +characters, and lines really do have ends. But Picture mode replaces +the most frequently-used commands with variants that simulate the +quarter-plane model of text. They do this by inserting spaces or by +converting tabs to spaces. + + Most of the basic editing commands of Emacs are redefined by Picture mode +to do essentially the same thing but in a quarter-plane way. In addition, +Picture mode defines various keys starting with the @kbd{C-c} prefix to +run special picture editing commands. + + One of these keys, @kbd{C-c C-c}, is particularly important. Often a +picture is part of a larger file that is usually edited in some other +major mode. @kbd{M-x edit-picture} records the name of the previous +major mode so you can use the @kbd{C-c C-c} command +(@code{picture-mode-exit}) later to go back to that mode. @kbd{C-c C-c} +also deletes spaces from the ends of lines, unless given a numeric +argument. + + The special commands of Picture mode all work in other modes (provided +the @file{picture} library is loaded), but are not bound to keys except +in Picture mode. The descriptions below talk of moving ``one column'' +and so on, but all the picture mode commands handle numeric arguments as +their normal equivalents do. + +@vindex picture-mode-hook + Turning on Picture mode runs the hook @code{picture-mode-hook}. +Additional extensions to Picture mode can be found in +@file{artist.el}. + +@menu +* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. +* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion + after "self-inserting" characters. +* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. +* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. +@end menu + +@node Basic Picture +@section Basic Editing in Picture Mode + +@findex picture-forward-column +@findex picture-backward-column +@findex picture-move-down +@findex picture-move-up +@cindex editing in Picture mode + + Most keys do the same thing in Picture mode that they usually do, but +do it in a quarter-plane style. For example, @kbd{C-f} is rebound to +run @code{picture-forward-column}, a command which moves point one +column to the right, inserting a space if necessary so that the actual +end of the line makes no difference. @kbd{C-b} is rebound to run +@code{picture-backward-column}, which always moves point left one +column, converting a tab to multiple spaces if necessary. @kbd{C-n} and +@kbd{C-p} are rebound to run @code{picture-move-down} and +@code{picture-move-up}, which can either insert spaces or convert tabs +as necessary to make sure that point stays in exactly the same column. +@kbd{C-e} runs @code{picture-end-of-line}, which moves to after the last +nonblank character on the line. There is no need to change @kbd{C-a}, +as the choice of screen model does not affect beginnings of +lines. + +@findex picture-newline + Insertion of text is adapted to the quarter-plane screen model +through the use of Overwrite mode (@pxref{Minor Modes,,, emacs, the +Emacs Manual}.) Self-inserting characters replace existing text, +column by column, rather than pushing existing text to the right. +@key{RET} runs @code{picture-newline}, which just moves to the +beginning of the following line so that new text will replace that +line. + +@findex picture-backward-clear-column +@findex picture-clear-column +@findex picture-clear-line + In Picture mode, the commands that normally delete or kill text, +instead erase text (replacing it with spaces). @key{DEL} +(@code{picture-backward-clear-column}) replaces the preceding +character with a space rather than removing it; this moves point +backwards. @kbd{C-d} (@code{picture-clear-column}) replaces the next +character or characters with spaces, but does not move point. (If you +want to clear characters to spaces and move forward over them, use +@key{SPC}.) @kbd{C-k} (@code{picture-clear-line}) really kills the +contents of lines, but does not delete the newlines from the buffer. + +@findex picture-open-line + To do actual insertion, you must use special commands. @kbd{C-o} +(@code{picture-open-line}) creates a blank line after the current +line; it never splits a line. @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) makes +sense in Picture mode, so it is not changed. @kbd{C-j} +(@code{picture-duplicate-line}) inserts another line with the same +contents below the current line. + +@kindex C-c C-d @r{(Picture mode)} + To do actual deletion in Picture mode, use @kbd{C-w}, @kbd{C-c C-d} +(which is defined as @code{delete-char}, as @kbd{C-d} is in other +modes), or one of the picture rectangle commands (@pxref{Rectangles in +Picture}). + +@node Insert in Picture +@section Controlling Motion after Insert + +@findex picture-movement-up +@findex picture-movement-down +@findex picture-movement-left +@findex picture-movement-right +@findex picture-movement-nw +@findex picture-movement-ne +@findex picture-movement-sw +@findex picture-movement-se +@kindex C-c < @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c > @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c ^ @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c . @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c ` @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c ' @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c / @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c \ @r{(Picture mode)} + Since ``self-inserting'' characters in Picture mode overwrite and move +point, there is no essential restriction on how point should be moved. +Normally point moves right, but you can specify any of the eight +orthogonal or diagonal directions for motion after a ``self-inserting'' +character. This is useful for drawing lines in the buffer. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c < +@itemx C-c @key{LEFT} +Move left after insertion (@code{picture-movement-left}). +@item C-c > +@itemx C-c @key{RIGHT} +Move right after insertion (@code{picture-movement-right}). +@item C-c ^ +@itemx C-c @key{UP} +Move up after insertion (@code{picture-movement-up}). +@item C-c . +@itemx C-c @key{DOWN} +Move down after insertion (@code{picture-movement-down}). +@item C-c ` +@itemx C-c @key{HOME} +Move up and left (``northwest'') after insertion (@code{picture-movement-nw}). +@item C-c ' +@itemx C-c @key{PAGEUP} +Move up and right (``northeast'') after insertion +(@code{picture-movement-ne}). +@item C-c / +@itemx C-c @key{END} +Move down and left (``southwest'') after insertion +@*(@code{picture-movement-sw}). +@item C-c \ +@itemx C-c @key{PAGEDOWN} +Move down and right (``southeast'') after insertion +@*(@code{picture-movement-se}). +@end table + +@kindex C-c C-f @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c C-b @r{(Picture mode)} +@findex picture-motion +@findex picture-motion-reverse + Two motion commands move based on the current Picture insertion +direction. The command @kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{picture-motion}) moves in the +same direction as motion after ``insertion'' currently does, while @kbd{C-c +C-b} (@code{picture-motion-reverse}) moves in the opposite direction. + +@node Tabs in Picture +@section Picture Mode Tabs + +@kindex M-TAB @r{(Picture mode)} +@findex picture-tab-search +@vindex picture-tab-chars + Two kinds of tab-like action are provided in Picture mode. Use +@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{picture-tab-search}) for context-based tabbing. +With no argument, it moves to a point underneath the next +``interesting'' character that follows whitespace in the previous +nonblank line. ``Next'' here means ``appearing at a horizontal position +greater than the one point starts out at.'' With an argument, as in +@kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}, this command moves to the next such interesting +character in the current line. @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} does not change the +text; it only moves point. ``Interesting'' characters are defined by +the variable @code{picture-tab-chars}, which should define a set of +characters. The syntax for this variable is like the syntax used inside +of @samp{[@dots{}]} in a regular expression---but without the @samp{[} +and the @samp{]}. Its default value is @code{"!-~"}. + +@findex picture-tab + @key{TAB} itself runs @code{picture-tab}, which operates based on the +current tab stop settings; it is the Picture mode equivalent of +@code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Normally it just moves point, but with a numeric +argument it clears the text that it moves over. + +@kindex C-c TAB @r{(Picture mode)} +@findex picture-set-tab-stops + The context-based and tab-stop-based forms of tabbing are brought +together by the command @kbd{C-c @key{TAB}} (@code{picture-set-tab-stops}). +This command sets the tab stops to the positions which @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} +would consider significant in the current line. The use of this command, +together with @key{TAB}, can get the effect of context-based tabbing. But +@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} is more convenient in the cases where it is sufficient. + + It may be convenient to prevent use of actual tab characters in +pictures. For example, this prevents @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} from messing +up the picture. You can do this by setting the variable +@code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. + +@node Rectangles in Picture +@section Picture Mode Rectangle Commands +@cindex rectangles and Picture mode +@cindex Picture mode and rectangles + + Picture mode defines commands for working on rectangular pieces of +the text in ways that fit with the quarter-plane model. The standard +rectangle commands may also be useful. @xref{Rectangles,,, emacs, the +Emacs Manual}. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-k +Clear out the region-rectangle with spaces +(@code{picture-clear-rectangle}). With argument, delete the text. +@item C-c C-w @var{r} +Similar, but save rectangle contents in register @var{r} first +(@code{picture-clear-rectangle-to-register}). +@item C-c C-y +Copy last killed rectangle into the buffer by overwriting, with upper +left corner at point (@code{picture-yank-rectangle}). With argument, +insert instead. +@item C-c C-x @var{r} +Similar, but use the rectangle in register @var{r} +(@code{picture-yank-rectangle-from-register}). +@end table + +@kindex C-c C-k @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c C-w @r{(Picture mode)} +@findex picture-clear-rectangle +@findex picture-clear-rectangle-to-register + The picture rectangle commands @kbd{C-c C-k} +(@code{picture-clear-rectangle}) and @kbd{C-c C-w} +(@code{picture-clear-rectangle-to-register}) differ from the standard +rectangle commands in that they normally clear the rectangle instead of +deleting it; this is analogous with the way @kbd{C-d} is changed in Picture +mode. + + However, deletion of rectangles can be useful in Picture mode, so +these commands delete the rectangle if given a numeric argument. +@kbd{C-c C-k} either with or without a numeric argument saves the +rectangle for @kbd{C-c C-y}. + +@kindex C-c C-y @r{(Picture mode)} +@kindex C-c C-x @r{(Picture mode)} +@findex picture-yank-rectangle +@findex picture-yank-rectangle-from-register + The Picture mode commands for yanking rectangles differ from the +standard ones in that they overwrite instead of inserting. This is +the same way that Picture mode insertion of other text differs from +other modes. @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle}) inserts +(by overwriting) the rectangle that was most recently killed, while +@kbd{C-c C-x} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle-from-register}) does +likewise for the rectangle found in a specified register. + +@node Fortran +@chapter Fortran Mode +@cindex Fortran mode +@cindex mode, Fortran + + Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements +and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran +conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. +Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into +proper Fortran continuation lines. + + Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments +are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save +typing when you insert Fortran keywords. + + Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This +command runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, emacs, +the Emacs Manual}. + +@cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 +@findex f90-mode +@findex fortran-mode + Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also +``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or +Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). +Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, +@samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and +@samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. + +@menu +* Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. +* Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. +* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. +* Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. +* Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. +* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. +@end menu + +@node Fortran Motion +@section Motion Commands + + In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on +``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as +modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by +statements and other program units. + +@table @kbd +@kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-next-statement +@findex f90-next-statement +@item C-c C-n +Move to the beginning of the next statement +(@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). + +@kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-previous-statement +@findex f90-previous-statement +@item C-c C-p +Move to the beginning of the previous statement +(@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). +If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first +statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. + +@kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} +@findex f90-next-block +@item C-c C-e +Move point forward to the start of the next code block +(@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, +@code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists +for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this +moves forward that many blocks. + +@kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} +@findex f90-previous-block +@item C-c C-a +Move point backward to the previous code block +(@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but +moves backwards. + +@kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-end-of-block +@findex f90-end-of-block +@item C-M-n +Move to the end of the current code block +(@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric +agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before +moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for +consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not +check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. + +@kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-beginning-of-block +@findex f90-beginning-of-block +@item C-M-p +Move to the start of the current code block +(@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This +is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. +@end table + +@node Fortran Indent +@section Fortran Indentation + + Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in +order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line +indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are +required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. + +@menu +* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. +* Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. +* Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. +* Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. +* Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. +@end menu + +@node ForIndent Commands +@subsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands + +@table @kbd +@item C-M-j +Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line +(@code{fortran-split-line}). +@item M-^ +Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). +@item C-M-q +Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in +(@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). +@item M-q +Fill a comment block or statement. +@end table + +@kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-indent-subprogram + The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command +to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or +subroutine) containing point. + +@kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-split-line + The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits +a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, +the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented +accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment +lines. + +@kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} +@kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-join-line + @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, +which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as +the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a +continuation line when this command is invoked. + +@kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} +@kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that +point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. + +@node ForIndent Cont +@subsection Continuation Lines +@cindex Fortran continuation lines + +@vindex fortran-continuation-string + Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. +If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that +line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed +format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that +the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable +@code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in +column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit +except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of +continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', +with another style of continuation lines). + +@vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} +@vindex fortran-analyze-depth +@vindex fortran-tab-mode-default + Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you +enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style +automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to +@code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the +buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six +spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the +buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of +@code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and +non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line +indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of +@code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly. + + If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker +@samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column +5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a +continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current +continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with +@kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according +to the continuation style. + + The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of +editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column +number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran +blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the +space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum +column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before +column 8 must always consist of one tab character. + +@node ForIndent Num +@subsection Line Numbers + + If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran +indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 +through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) + +@vindex fortran-line-number-indent + Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. +The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it +specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default +value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number +digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified +maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the +value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. + +@vindex fortran-electric-line-number + Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to +these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. +To turn off this feature, set the variable +@code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. + + +@node ForIndent Conv +@subsection Syntactic Conventions + + Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify +the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it +properly: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. + +@item +Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} +and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. + +Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string +constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they +are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} +are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the +first and not on a continuation line. +@end itemize + +@noindent +If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may +indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program +retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not +followed. + +@node ForIndent Vars +@subsection Variables for Fortran Indentation + +@vindex fortran-do-indent +@vindex fortran-if-indent +@vindex fortran-structure-indent +@vindex fortran-continuation-indent +@vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} +@vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} + Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: + +@table @code +@item fortran-do-indent +Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). + +@item fortran-if-indent +Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or +@samp{where} statements (default 3). + +@item fortran-structure-indent +Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, +@samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). + +@item fortran-continuation-indent +Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). + +@item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do +In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement +with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a +@samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a +non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a +@samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with +a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), +then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to +@code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. + +@item fortran-blink-matching-if +If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} +statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or +@samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. + +@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed +Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format +continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than +this much. The default is 6. + +@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab +Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line +style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The +default is 8. +@end table + +The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in +the following section. + +@node Fortran Comments +@section Fortran Comments + + The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a +line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an +entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the +standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. + +@vindex fortran-comment-line-start + Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments +start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 +compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments +unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable +@code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. + +@table @kbd +@item M-; +Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). + +@item C-x ; +Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. + +@item C-c ; +Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back +into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). +@end table + +@findex fortran-indent-comment + @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command +@code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this +recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; +if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But +inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in +other modes. + + When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a +full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} +comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a +full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. + + Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other +languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line +comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. +What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from +three styles of alignment by setting the variable +@code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: + +@vindex fortran-comment-indent-style +@vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent +@table @code +@item fixed +Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of +@code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement +indentation. This is the default. + +The minimum statement indentation is +@code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format +continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} +for tab format style. + +@item relative +Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional +@code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. + +@item nil +Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. +@end table + +@vindex fortran-comment-indent-char + In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within +full-line comments by setting the variable +@code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want +to use. + +@vindex fortran-directive-re + Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same +appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines +never be indented at all, no matter what the value of +@code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable +@code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which +lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive +distinctive font-locking. + + The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If +you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise +it is useless in Fortran mode. + +@kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-comment-region +@vindex fortran-comment-region + The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the +lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at +the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region +back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line +in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting +the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an +example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses +of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always +clear from the context which one is meant. + +@node Fortran Autofill +@section Auto Fill in Fortran Mode + + Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a +minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them +when they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making +continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} +(@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type +@key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran +indentation commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the +normal way. @xref{Auto Fill,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. + +@vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters + Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get +longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The +delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are +@samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, +and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the +variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. +Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. + + To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add +@code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, +emacs, the Emacs Manual}. + +@node Fortran Columns +@section Checking Columns in Fortran + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-r +Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line +(@code{fortran-column-ruler}). +@item C-c C-w +Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 +columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may +help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that +some Fortran compilers impose. +@item C-u C-c C-w +Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide +(@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. +@item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos +Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. +@end table + +@kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-column-ruler + The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column +ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines +of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in +Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line +numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the +statement body. Column numbers appear above them. + + Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. +As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar +with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for +Fortran. + +@vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed +@vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs + The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the +variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is +@code{nil}, then the value of the variable +@code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. +Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is +displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler +display. + +@kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-window-create-momentarily + @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily +splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns +wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to +restore the normal width. + +@kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} +@findex fortran-window-create + You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with +the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x +fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can +immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. + +@findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos + The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in +column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the +easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. + +@node Fortran Abbrev +@section Fortran Keyword Abbrevs + + Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and +declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define +yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. +@xref{Abbrevs,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. + + The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a +semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran +mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word +constituent.'' + + For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for +@samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation +character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically +to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill + + Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in +Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. @node Index @unnumbered Index diff --git a/man/emacs.texi b/man/emacs.texi index ce3c731894..647d199f61 100644 --- a/man/emacs.texi +++ b/man/emacs.texi @@ -103,8 +103,6 @@ Text Mode Outline Mode @TeX{} Mode Formatted Text -Fortran Mode -Fortran Indentation Shell Command History The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items @@ -182,8 +180,6 @@ Advanced Features * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type. -* Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters - using the quarter-plane screen model. * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. @@ -525,7 +521,6 @@ Editing Programs * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Pike modes. -* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns @@ -572,15 +567,6 @@ C and Related Modes * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, and other neat features. -Fortran Mode - -* Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms. -* Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran. -* Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments. -* Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. -* Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran. -* Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. - Compiling and Testing Programs * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other @@ -615,7 +601,6 @@ Maintaining Large Programs * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in. -* Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. Tags Tables @@ -627,19 +612,6 @@ Tags Tables * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. -Merging Files with Emerge - -* Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. -* Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. - Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. -* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B - for each difference. -* Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, - changing states of differences, etc. -* Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. -* Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. -* Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. - Abbrevs * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. @@ -650,14 +622,6 @@ Abbrevs * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. -Editing Pictures - -* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. -* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion - after "self-inserting" characters. -* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. -* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. - Sending Mail * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. @@ -1179,7 +1143,6 @@ shell commands. @include building.texi @include maintaining.texi @include abbrevs.texi -@include picture.texi @include sending.texi @include rmail.texi @include dired.texi diff --git a/man/files.texi b/man/files.texi index 23846167b6..3d671397b3 100644 --- a/man/files.texi +++ b/man/files.texi @@ -3037,8 +3037,8 @@ typically the result of a failed merge from a version control system mode provides commands to resolve conflicts by selecting specific changes. - See also @ref{Emerge}, and @ref{Top,,, ediff, The Ediff Manual}, for -convenient facilities for merging two similar files. + @inforef{Emerge,, emacs-xtra} for the Emerge facility, which +provides a powerful interface for merging files. @node Misc File Ops @section Miscellaneous File Operations diff --git a/man/maintaining.texi b/man/maintaining.texi index 9836aae4e8..f0b5f1c31a 100644 --- a/man/maintaining.texi +++ b/man/maintaining.texi @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ also particularly useful for this purpose. * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in. -* Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. @end menu @node Change Log @@ -846,393 +845,6 @@ details. You can also use the collection of tag names to complete a symbol name in the buffer. @xref{Symbol Completion}. -@node Emerge -@section Merging Files with Emerge -@cindex Emerge -@cindex merging files - - It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and -modify the same program in two different directions. To recover from -this confusion, you need to merge the two versions. Emerge makes this -easier. See also @ref{Comparing Files}, for other ways to compare -files, and @ref{Top, Ediff,, ediff, The Ediff Manual}. - -@menu -* Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. -* Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. - Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. -* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B - for each difference. -* Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, - changing states of differences, etc. -* Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. -* Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. -* Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. -@end menu - -@node Overview of Emerge -@subsection Overview of Emerge - - To start Emerge, run one of these four commands: - -@table @kbd -@item M-x emerge-files -@findex emerge-files -Merge two specified files. - -@item M-x emerge-files-with-ancestor -@findex emerge-files-with-ancestor -Merge two specified files, with reference to a common ancestor. - -@item M-x emerge-buffers -@findex emerge-buffers -Merge two buffers. - -@item M-x emerge-buffers-with-ancestor -@findex emerge-buffers-with-ancestor -Merge two buffers with reference to a common ancestor in a third -buffer. -@end table - -@cindex merge buffer (Emerge) -@cindex A and B buffers (Emerge) - The Emerge commands compare two files or buffers, and display the -comparison in three buffers: one for each input text (the @dfn{A buffer} -and the @dfn{B buffer}), and one (the @dfn{merge buffer}) where merging -takes place. The merge buffer shows the full merged text, not just the -differences. Wherever the two input texts differ, you can choose which -one of them to include in the merge buffer. - - The Emerge commands that take input from existing buffers use only the -accessible portions of those buffers, if they are narrowed -(@pxref{Narrowing}). - - If a common ancestor version is available, from which the two texts to -be merged were both derived, Emerge can use it to guess which -alternative is right. Wherever one current version agrees with the -ancestor, Emerge presumes that the other current version is a deliberate -change which should be kept in the merged version. Use the -@samp{with-ancestor} commands if you want to specify a common ancestor -text. These commands read three file or buffer names---variant A, -variant B, and the common ancestor. - - After the comparison is done and the buffers are prepared, the -interactive merging starts. You control the merging by typing special -@dfn{merge commands} in the merge buffer (@pxref{Merge Commands}). -For each run of differences between the input texts, you can choose -which one of them to keep, or edit them both together. - - The merge buffer uses a special major mode, Emerge mode, with commands -for making these choices. But you can also edit the buffer with -ordinary Emacs commands. - - At any given time, the attention of Emerge is focused on one -particular difference, called the @dfn{selected} difference. This -difference is marked off in the three buffers like this: - -@example -vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv -@var{text that differs} -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -@end example - -@noindent -Emerge numbers all the differences sequentially and the mode -line always shows the number of the selected difference. - - Normally, the merge buffer starts out with the A version of the text. -But when the A version of a difference agrees with the common ancestor, -then the B version is initially preferred for that difference. - - Emerge leaves the merged text in the merge buffer when you exit. At -that point, you can save it in a file with @kbd{C-x C-w}. If you give a -numeric argument to @code{emerge-files} or -@code{emerge-files-with-ancestor}, it reads the name of the output file -using the minibuffer. (This is the last file name those commands read.) -Then exiting from Emerge saves the merged text in the output file. - - Normally, Emerge commands save the output buffer in its file when you -exit. If you abort Emerge with @kbd{C-]}, the Emerge command does not -save the output buffer, but you can save it yourself if you wish. - -@node Submodes of Emerge -@subsection Submodes of Emerge - - You can choose between two modes for giving merge commands: Fast mode -and Edit mode. In Fast mode, basic merge commands are single -characters, but ordinary Emacs commands are disabled. This is -convenient if you use only merge commands. In Edit mode, all merge -commands start with the prefix key @kbd{C-c C-c}, and the normal Emacs -commands are also available. This allows editing the merge buffer, but -slows down Emerge operations. - - Use @kbd{e} to switch to Edit mode, and @kbd{C-c C-c f} to switch to -Fast mode. The mode line indicates Edit and Fast modes with @samp{E} -and @samp{F}. - - Emerge has two additional submodes that affect how particular merge -commands work: Auto Advance mode and Skip Prefers mode. - - If Auto Advance mode is in effect, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands -advance to the next difference. This lets you go through the merge -faster as long as you simply choose one of the alternatives from the -input. The mode line indicates Auto Advance mode with @samp{A}. - - If Skip Prefers mode is in effect, the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} commands -skip over differences in states prefer-A and prefer-B (@pxref{State of -Difference}). Thus you see only differences for which neither version -is presumed ``correct.'' The mode line indicates Skip Prefers mode with -@samp{S}. - -@findex emerge-auto-advance-mode -@findex emerge-skip-prefers-mode - Use the command @kbd{s a} (@code{emerge-auto-advance-mode}) to set or -clear Auto Advance mode. Use @kbd{s s} -(@code{emerge-skip-prefers-mode}) to set or clear Skip Prefers mode. -These commands turn on the mode with a positive argument, turns it off -with a negative or zero argument, and toggle the mode with no argument. - -@node State of Difference -@subsection State of a Difference - - In the merge buffer, a difference is marked with lines of @samp{v} and -@samp{^} characters. Each difference has one of these seven states: - -@table @asis -@item A -The difference is showing the A version. The @kbd{a} command always -produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{A}. - -@item B -The difference is showing the B version. The @kbd{b} command always -produces this state; the mode line indicates it with @samp{B}. - -@item default-A -@itemx default-B -The difference is showing the A or the B state by default, because you -haven't made a choice. All differences start in the default-A state -(and thus the merge buffer is a copy of the A buffer), except those for -which one alternative is ``preferred'' (see below). - -When you select a difference, its state changes from default-A or -default-B to plain A or B. Thus, the selected difference never has -state default-A or default-B, and these states are never displayed in -the mode line. - -The command @kbd{d a} chooses default-A as the default state, and @kbd{d -b} chooses default-B. This chosen default applies to all differences -which you haven't ever selected and for which no alternative is preferred. -If you are moving through the merge sequentially, the differences you -haven't selected are those following the selected one. Thus, while -moving sequentially, you can effectively make the A version the default -for some sections of the merge buffer and the B version the default for -others by using @kbd{d a} and @kbd{d b} between sections. - -@item prefer-A -@itemx prefer-B -The difference is showing the A or B state because it is -@dfn{preferred}. This means that you haven't made an explicit choice, -but one alternative seems likely to be right because the other -alternative agrees with the common ancestor. Thus, where the A buffer -agrees with the common ancestor, the B version is preferred, because -chances are it is the one that was actually changed. - -These two states are displayed in the mode line as @samp{A*} and @samp{B*}. - -@item combined -The difference is showing a combination of the A and B states, as a -result of the @kbd{x c} or @kbd{x C} commands. - -Once a difference is in this state, the @kbd{a} and @kbd{b} commands -don't do anything to it unless you give them a numeric argument. - -The mode line displays this state as @samp{comb}. -@end table - -@node Merge Commands -@subsection Merge Commands - - Here are the Merge commands for Fast mode; in Edit mode, precede them -with @kbd{C-c C-c}: - -@table @kbd -@item p -Select the previous difference. - -@item n -Select the next difference. - -@item a -Choose the A version of this difference. - -@item b -Choose the B version of this difference. - -@item C-u @var{n} j -Select difference number @var{n}. - -@item . -Select the difference containing point. You can use this command in the -merge buffer or in the A or B buffer. - -@item q -Quit---finish the merge. - -@item C-] -Abort---exit merging and do not save the output. - -@item f -Go into Fast mode. (In Edit mode, this is actually @kbd{C-c C-c f}.) - -@item e -Go into Edit mode. - -@item l -Recenter (like @kbd{C-l}) all three windows. - -@item - -Specify part of a prefix numeric argument. - -@item @var{digit} -Also specify part of a prefix numeric argument. - -@item d a -Choose the A version as the default from here down in -the merge buffer. - -@item d b -Choose the B version as the default from here down in -the merge buffer. - -@item c a -Copy the A version of this difference into the kill ring. - -@item c b -Copy the B version of this difference into the kill ring. - -@item i a -Insert the A version of this difference at point. - -@item i b -Insert the B version of this difference at point. - -@item m -Put point and mark around the difference. - -@item ^ -Scroll all three windows down (like @kbd{M-v}). - -@item v -Scroll all three windows up (like @kbd{C-v}). - -@item < -Scroll all three windows left (like @kbd{C-x <}). - -@item > -Scroll all three windows right (like @kbd{C-x >}). - -@item | -Reset horizontal scroll on all three windows. - -@item x 1 -Shrink the merge window to one line. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore it -to full size.) - -@item x c -Combine the two versions of this difference (@pxref{Combining in -Emerge}). - -@item x f -Show the names of the files/buffers Emerge is operating on, in a Help -window. (Use @kbd{C-u l} to restore windows.) - -@item x j -Join this difference with the following one. -(@kbd{C-u x j} joins this difference with the previous one.) - -@item x s -Split this difference into two differences. Before you use this -command, position point in each of the three buffers at the place where -you want to split the difference. - -@item x t -Trim identical lines off the top and bottom of the difference. -Such lines occur when the A and B versions are -identical but differ from the ancestor version. -@end table - -@node Exiting Emerge -@subsection Exiting Emerge - - The @kbd{q} command (@code{emerge-quit}) finishes the merge, storing -the results into the output file if you specified one. It restores the -A and B buffers to their proper contents, or kills them if they were -created by Emerge and you haven't changed them. It also disables the -Emerge commands in the merge buffer, since executing them later could -damage the contents of the various buffers. - - @kbd{C-]} aborts the merge. This means exiting without writing the -output file. If you didn't specify an output file, then there is no -real difference between aborting and finishing the merge. - - If the Emerge command was called from another Lisp program, then its -return value is @code{t} for successful completion, or @code{nil} if you -abort. - -@node Combining in Emerge -@subsection Combining the Two Versions - - Sometimes you want to keep @emph{both} alternatives for a particular -difference. To do this, use @kbd{x c}, which edits the merge buffer -like this: - -@example -@group -#ifdef NEW -@var{version from A buffer} -#else /* not NEW */ -@var{version from B buffer} -#endif /* not NEW */ -@end group -@end example - -@noindent -@vindex emerge-combine-versions-template -While this example shows C preprocessor conditionals delimiting the two -alternative versions, you can specify the strings to use by setting -the variable @code{emerge-combine-versions-template} to a string of your -choice. In the string, @samp{%a} says where to put version A, and -@samp{%b} says where to put version B. The default setting, which -produces the results shown above, looks like this: - -@example -@group -"#ifdef NEW\n%a#else /* not NEW */\n%b#endif /* not NEW */\n" -@end group -@end example - -@node Fine Points of Emerge -@subsection Fine Points of Emerge - - During the merge, you mustn't try to edit the A and B buffers yourself. -Emerge modifies them temporarily, but ultimately puts them back the way -they were. - - You can have any number of merges going at once---just don't use any one -buffer as input to more than one merge at once, since the temporary -changes made in these buffers would get in each other's way. - - Starting Emerge can take a long time because it needs to compare the -files fully. Emacs can't do anything else until @code{diff} finishes. -Perhaps in the future someone will change Emerge to do the comparison in -the background when the input files are large---then you could keep on -doing other things with Emacs until Emerge is ready to accept -commands. - -@vindex emerge-startup-hook - After setting up the merge, Emerge runs the hook -@code{emerge-startup-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). - @ignore arch-tag: b9d83dfb-82ea-4ff6-bab5-05a3617091fb @end ignore diff --git a/man/programs.texi b/man/programs.texi index 643e6445fb..9ec4f7ff2d 100644 --- a/man/programs.texi +++ b/man/programs.texi @@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Pike modes. -* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. @end menu @@ -109,7 +108,8 @@ tab character before point, in these modes. Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes -(@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). +(@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). For Fortran +mode, @inforef{Fortran,, emacs-xtra}. @cindex mode hook @vindex c-mode-hook @@ -1715,521 +1715,6 @@ to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable names. @end table -@node Fortran -@section Fortran Mode -@cindex Fortran mode -@cindex mode, Fortran - - Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements -and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran -conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. -Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into -proper Fortran continuation lines. - - Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments -are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save -typing when you insert Fortran keywords. - - Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This command -runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). - -@cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 -@findex f90-mode -@findex fortran-mode - Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also -``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or -Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). -Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, -@samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and -@samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. - -@menu -* Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. -* Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. -* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. -* Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. -* Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. -* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. -@end menu - -@node Fortran Motion -@subsection Motion Commands - - In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on -``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as -modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by -statements and other program units. - -@table @kbd -@kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-next-statement -@findex f90-next-statement -@item C-c C-n -Move to the beginning of the next statement -(@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). - -@kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-previous-statement -@findex f90-previous-statement -@item C-c C-p -Move to the beginning of the previous statement -(@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). -If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first -statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. - -@kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} -@findex f90-next-block -@item C-c C-e -Move point forward to the start of the next code block -(@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, -@code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists -for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this -moves forward that many blocks. - -@kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} -@findex f90-previous-block -@item C-c C-a -Move point backward to the previous code block -(@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but -moves backwards. - -@kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-end-of-block -@findex f90-end-of-block -@item C-M-n -Move to the end of the current code block -(@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric -agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before -moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for -consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not -check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. - -@kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-beginning-of-block -@findex f90-beginning-of-block -@item C-M-p -Move to the start of the current code block -(@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This -is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. -@end table - -@node Fortran Indent -@subsection Fortran Indentation - - Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in -order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line -indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are -required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. - -@menu -* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. -* Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. -* Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. -* Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. -* Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. -@end menu - -@node ForIndent Commands -@subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands - -@table @kbd -@item C-M-j -Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line -(@code{fortran-split-line}). -@item M-^ -Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). -@item C-M-q -Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in -(@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). -@item M-q -Fill a comment block or statement. -@end table - -@kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-indent-subprogram - The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command -to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or -subroutine) containing point. - -@kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-split-line - The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits -a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, -the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented -accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment -lines. - -@kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} -@kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-join-line - @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, -which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as -the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a -continuation line when this command is invoked. - -@kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} -@kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that -point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. - -@node ForIndent Cont -@subsubsection Continuation Lines -@cindex Fortran continuation lines - -@vindex fortran-continuation-string - Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. -If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that -line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed -format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that -the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable -@code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in -column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit -except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of -continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', -with another style of continuation lines). - -@vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} -@vindex fortran-analyze-depth -@vindex fortran-tab-mode-default - Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you -enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style -automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to -@code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the -buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six -spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the -buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of -@code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and -non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line -indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of -@code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly (@pxref{Just Spaces}). - - If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker -@samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column -5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a -continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current -continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with -@kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according -to the continuation style. - - The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of -editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column -number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran -blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the -space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum -column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before -column 8 must always consist of one tab character. - -@node ForIndent Num -@subsubsection Line Numbers - - If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran -indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 -through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) - -@vindex fortran-line-number-indent - Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. -The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it -specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default -value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number -digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified -maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the -value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. - -@vindex fortran-electric-line-number - Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to -these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. -To turn off this feature, set the variable -@code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. - - -@node ForIndent Conv -@subsubsection Syntactic Conventions - - Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify -the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it -properly: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. - -@item -Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} -and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. - -Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string -constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they -are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} -are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the -first and not on a continuation line. -@end itemize - -@noindent -If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may -indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program -retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not -followed. - -@node ForIndent Vars -@subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation - -@vindex fortran-do-indent -@vindex fortran-if-indent -@vindex fortran-structure-indent -@vindex fortran-continuation-indent -@vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} -@vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} - Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: - -@table @code -@item fortran-do-indent -Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). - -@item fortran-if-indent -Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or -@samp{where} statements (default 3). - -@item fortran-structure-indent -Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, -@samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). - -@item fortran-continuation-indent -Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). - -@item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do -In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement -with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a -@samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a -non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a -@samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with -a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), -then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to -@code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. - -@item fortran-blink-matching-if -If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} -statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or -@samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. - -@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed -Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format -continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than -this much. The default is 6. - -@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab -Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line -style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The -default is 8. -@end table - -The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in -the following section. - -@node Fortran Comments -@subsection Fortran Comments - - The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a -line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an -entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the -standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. - -@vindex fortran-comment-line-start - Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments -start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 -compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments -unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable -@code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. - -@table @kbd -@item M-; -Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). - -@item C-x ; -Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. - -@item C-c ; -Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back -into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). -@end table - -@findex fortran-indent-comment - @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command -@code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this -recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; -if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But -inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in -other modes. - - When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a -full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} -comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a -full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. - - Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other -languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line -comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. -What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from -three styles of alignment by setting the variable -@code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: - -@vindex fortran-comment-indent-style -@vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent -@table @code -@item fixed -Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of -@code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement -indentation. This is the default. - -The minimum statement indentation is -@code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format -continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} -for tab format style. - -@item relative -Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional -@code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. - -@item nil -Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. -@end table - -@vindex fortran-comment-indent-char - In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within -full-line comments by setting the variable -@code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want -to use. - -@vindex fortran-directive-re - Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same -appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines -never be indented at all, no matter what the value of -@code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable -@code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which -lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive -distinctive font-locking. - - The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If -you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise -it is useless in Fortran mode. - -@kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-comment-region -@vindex fortran-comment-region - The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the -lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at -the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region -back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line -in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting -the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an -example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses -of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always -clear from the context which one is meant. - -@node Fortran Autofill -@subsection Auto Fill in Fortran Mode - - Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a -minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them when -they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making -continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} -(@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type -@key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran indentation -commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the normal way -(@pxref{Auto Fill}). - -@vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters - Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get -longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The -delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are -@samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, -and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the -variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. -Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. - - To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add -@code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. - -@node Fortran Columns -@subsection Checking Columns in Fortran - -@table @kbd -@item C-c C-r -Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line -(@code{fortran-column-ruler}). -@item C-c C-w -Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 -columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may -help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that -some Fortran compilers impose. -@item C-u C-c C-w -Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide -(@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. -@item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos -Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. -@end table - -@kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-column-ruler - The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column -ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines -of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in -Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line -numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the -statement body. Column numbers appear above them. - - Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. -As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar -with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for -Fortran. - -@vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed -@vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs - The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the -variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is -@code{nil}, then the value of the variable -@code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. -Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is -displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler -display. - -@kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-window-create-momentarily - @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily -splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns -wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to -restore the normal width. - -@kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} -@findex fortran-window-create - You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with -the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x -fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can -immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. - -@findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos - The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in -column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the -easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. - -@node Fortran Abbrev -@subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs - - Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and -declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define -yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @xref{Abbrevs}. - - The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a -semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran -mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word -constituent.'' - - For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for -@samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation -character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically -to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill - - Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in -Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. - @node Asm Mode @section Asm Mode diff --git a/man/sending.texi b/man/sending.texi index 2fbf9a189c..299787e529 100644 --- a/man/sending.texi +++ b/man/sending.texi @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. -@node Sending Mail, Rmail, Picture, Top +@node Sending Mail, Rmail, Abbrevs, Top @chapter Sending Mail @cindex sending mail @cindex mail diff --git a/man/text.texi b/man/text.texi index 2b70c599b8..cf3d03af4d 100644 --- a/man/text.texi +++ b/man/text.texi @@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. @xref{Formatted Text}. @end iftex +@cindex ASCII art + If you need to edit pictures made out of text characters (commonly +referred to as ``ASCII art''), use @kbd{M-x edit-picture} to enter +Picture mode, a special major mode for editing such pictures. +@inforef{Picture Mode,, emacs-xtra}. + @cindex skeletons @cindex templates @cindex autotyping -- 2.39.2