1 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 See the end of the file for license conditions.
5 NOTES ON COPYRIGHTS AND LICENSES
9 A "copyright notice" consists of one or a few lines of this format:
10 "Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
12 A "license notice" is a statement of permissions, and is usually much
13 longer, eg the text "GNU Emacs is free software...".
16 Summary for the impatient:
18 1. Don't add a file to Emacs written by someone other than yourself
19 without thinking about the legal aspect (make sure they have an
20 assignment, adjust the copyright statements in the file). NB the
21 ChangeLog entry should be in the name of the author of the code, not
22 the person who installs it.
24 2. With images, add the legal info to a README file in the directory
27 3. If you add a lot of text to a previously trivial file that had no
28 legal notices, consider if you should add a copyright statement.
31 Every non-trivial file distributed through the Emacs CVS should be
32 self-explanatory in terms of copyright and license. This includes
33 files that are not distributed in Emacs releases (for example, the
34 admin/ directory), because the whole Emacs CVS is publicly
37 The definition of triviality is a little vague, but a rule of thumb is
38 that any file with less than 15 lines of actual content is trivial. If
39 a file is auto-generated (eg ldefs-boot.el) from another one in the
40 CVS, then it does not really matter about adding a copyright statement
41 to the generated file.
43 However, here is a quote from Matt Norwood (Software Freedom Law
44 Center) that suggests we should revise the above policy about trivial
47 If FSF has a strong policy reason notices off of files it
48 considers "trivial", this will take a lot more bookkeeping; it
49 also runs the risk of these "trivial" files later growing into
50 non-trivial files, and being in the tree without any record of
51 authorship. All in all, I think it's a better policy to attach the
52 notice and let future authors decide if something is trivial when
53 they want to reuse it elsewhere.
55 In general, copyright law will step back and look at the overall "work"
56 consisting of all the assembled components working together as a system;
57 it will apply protection and permissions to this system, not to its
58 subcomponents. If parts of it are recombined into another system, it
59 will consider the protections and permissions for each of the source
60 components only in order to assess the overall status of the work again.
61 The assessment of whether a set of components is entitled to copyright
62 protection is the degree to which they display "creativity": not as
63 atomic units, but as parts of a system working in concert. Thus, several
64 "trivial" components working together in some coherent system might be
67 RMS feels, though, that in trivial files (eg etc/FTP), having a
68 license notice looks odd. Matt Norwood has confirmed it is not
69 _necessary_ to have licenses in such files, so we are sticking with
70 the policy of no licenses in "trivial" files.
72 NB consequently, if you add a lot of text to a small file, consider
73 whether your changes have made the file worthy of a copyright notice,
74 and if so, please add one.
76 The years in the copyright notice should be updated every year (see
77 file "years" in this directory). The PS versions of refcards etc
78 should display copyright notices (an exception to the rule about
79 "generated" files), but these can just display the latest year. The
80 full list of years should be kept in comments in the source file. If
81 these are distributed in CVS, check in a regenerated version when the
82 tex files are updated.
84 Copyright changes should be propagated to any associated repositories
85 (eg Gnus, MH-E), but I think in every case this happens automatically
88 All README (and other such text files) that are non-trivial should
89 contain copyright statements and GPL license notices, exactly as .el
90 files do (see e.g. README in the top-level directory). Before 2007,
91 we used a simple, short statement permitting copying and modification
92 provided legal notices were retained. In Feb 2007 we switched to the
93 standard GPL text, on legal advice. Some older text files in etc/
94 should, however, keep their current licenses (see below for list).
96 For image files, the copyright and license details should be recorded
97 in a README file in each directory with images. (Legal advice says
98 that we need not add notices to each image file individually, if they
99 allow for that.). It is recommended to use the word "convert" to
100 describe the automatic process of changing an image from one format to
101 another (http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00618.html).
104 When installing a file with an "unusual" license (after checking first
105 it is ok), put a copy of the copyright and license in the file (if
106 possible. It's ok if this makes the file incompatible with its
107 original format, if it can still be used by Emacs), or in a README
108 file in the relevant directory.
110 The vast majority of files are copyright FSF and distributed under the
111 GPL. A few files (mainly related to language and charset support) are
112 copyright AIST alone, or both AIST and FSF. (Contact Kenichi Handa
113 with questions about legal issues in such files.) In all these cases,
114 the copyright years in each file should be updated each year.
116 There are some exceptions to the points in the previous paragraph, and
117 these are listed below for reference, together with any files where
118 the copyright needs to be updated in "unusual" ways.
120 If you find any other such cases, please consult to check they are ok,
121 and note them in this file. This includes missing copyright notices,
122 and "odd" copyright holders. In most cases, individual authors should
123 not appear in copyright statements. Either the copyright has been
124 assigned (check copyright.list) to the FSF (in which case the original
125 author should be removed and the year(s) transferred to the FSF); or
126 else it is possible the file should not be in Emacs at all (please
129 Note that it seems painfully clear that one cannot rely on CVS logs,
130 or even ChangeLogs, for older changes. People often installed changes
131 from others, without recording the true authorship.
133 [For reference, most of these points were established via email with
134 rms, 2007/1, "Copyright years".]
137 lib-src/etags.c # print_version
138 lib-src/rcs2log # Copyright
139 lisp/calc/calc-help.el # calc-full-help
140 lisp/startup.el # fancy-splash-tail
141 mac/Emacs.app/Contents/Resources/English.lproj/InfoPlist.strings
142 mac/src/Emacs.r # resource 'vers'
144 - remember to change the latest copyright year in the --version output.
145 [Post-release, will automate this like set-version does for version.]
147 <top-level>/install-sh
149 - this file is copyright MIT, which is OK. Leave the copyright alone.
151 admin/check-doc-strings
153 public domain, leave alone.
156 - update BOTH notices in this file
158 etc/letter.pbm,letter.xpm
159 - trivial, no notice needed.
160 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00324.html>
163 - trivial (at time of writing), no license needed
165 etc/GNU, INTERVIEW, LINUX-GNU, MOTIVATION, SERVICE, THE-GNU-PROJECT,
167 rms: "These are statements of opinion or testimony. Their licenses
168 should permit verbatim copying only. Please don't change the
169 licenses that they have. They are distributed with Emacs but they
170 are not part of Emacs."
173 rms: simple license is fine for this file
178 Note that Andrew Zhilin has a copyright assignment on file (confirmed
179 by fsf-records), even though it doesn't seem to show up in
180 copyright.list for some reason (at time of writing, 2007/02).
181 http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2005-11/msg00349.html
183 leim/CXTERM-DIC/4Corner.tit, ARRAY30.tit, CCDOSPY.tit, ECDICT.tit,
184 ETZY.tit, PY-b5.tit, Punct-b5.tit, Punct.tit, QJ-b5.tit, QJ.tit,
185 SW.tit, TONEPY.tit, ZOZY.tit
186 - leave the copyrights alone.
188 leim/MISC-DIC/CTLau-b5.html, CTLau.html, cangjie-table.b5, cangjie-table.cns,
189 pinyin.map, ziranma.cin
190 - leave the copyright alone.
192 leim/SKK-DIC/SKK-JISYO.L
194 (the latter is auto-generated from the former). Leave the copyright alone.
197 - this has a copyright Ken Arnold. We are still deciding what should
198 be done here (see below).
200 lib-src/getopt1.c, getopt_int.h
201 - these are from the GNU C library. Leave the copyrights alone.
204 - no special rules about the copyright. We note here that we believe
205 (2007/1) there is no problem with our use of the name "tetris" or
207 rms: "My understanding is that game rules as such are not copyrightable."
208 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-01/msg00960.html>
210 lispref/doclicense.texi
212 - leave the copyright alone in this imported file.
215 - there are also copyrights in the body of the file. Update these too.
218 rms (2007/02/17): "lwlib is not assigned to the FSF; we don't consider
219 it part of Emacs. [...] Therefore non-FSF copyrights are ok in lwlib."
221 msdos/is_exec.c, sigaction.c
222 - these files are copyright DJ Delorie. Leave the copyrights alone.
223 Leave the Eli Zaretskii copyright in is_exec.c alone. See the
224 msdos/README file for the legal history of these files.
227 - contains numerous copyrights from the GNU C library. Leave them alone.
229 src/acldef.h, chpdef.h, ndir.h
230 - see comments below. These files are OK to be released with Emacs
231 22, but we may want to revisit them afterwards.
233 [src/unexhp9k800.c - removed 2007/1/27]
234 [src/m/sr2k.h - removed 2007/1/27]
235 - First file removed due to legal uncertainties; second file removed
236 due to dependency on first. Note that src/m/hp800.h is still needed on
238 NB we would like to re-add this file if we can. Please let us know
239 if you can clarify its legal status.
242 ** Some notes on resolved issues, for historical information only
245 - had no copyright notice till Feb 2007. ChangeLog.3 suggests it was
246 written by Eric Raymond. When asked by rms on 14 Feb 2007 he said:
248 I don't remember writing it, but it reads like my prose and I believe
249 I wrote the feature(s) it's describing. So I would have been the
250 likeliest person to write it.
252 Odds are that I did, but I'm not certain.
254 Accordingly, FSF copyright was added.
257 ** Issues that are "fixed" for the release of Emacs 22, but we may
258 wish to revisit later in more detail
262 src/acldef.h, chpdef.h, ndir.h
263 On legal advice from Matt Norwood, the following comment was added
264 to these files in Feb 2007:
266 The code here is forced by the interface, and is not subject to
267 copyright, constituting the only possible expression of the
268 algorithm in this format.
270 With the addition of this notice, these files are OK for the
271 upcoming Emacs-22 release. Post-release, we can revisit this issue
272 and possibly add a list of all authors who have changed these files.
273 (details in email from Matt Norwood to rms, 2007/02/03).
276 src/m/mips4.h, news-risc.h, pmax.h
277 src/s/aix3-2.h, bsd386.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, irix4-0.h, irix5-0.h,
278 isc2-2.h, netbsd.h, osf1.h, sol2-3.h, sunos4-0.h, usg5-4-2.h
279 - all these (not obviously trivial) files were missing copyrights
280 till Feb 2007, when FSF copyright was added. Matt Norwood advised:
282 For now, I think the best policy is to assume that we do have
283 assignments from the authors (I recall many of these header files
284 as having been originally written by rms), and to attach an FSF
285 copyright with GPL notice. We can amend this if and when we
286 complete the code audit. Any additions to these files by
287 non-assigned authors are arguably "de minimis" contributions to
288 Emacs: small changes or suggestions to a work that are subsumed in
289 the main authors' copyright in the entire work.
291 Here is my (rgm) take on the details of the above files:
294 might be trivial? started trivial, been added to in tiny changes by
295 those with FSF assignment, often result of email suggestions by others.
298 started trivial. Grown by tiny additions, plus chunk
299 from mips.h, which was and is Copyright FSF
302 started trivial. grown in tiny changes, except for maybe Jim Wilson's
306 I would say started non-trivial (1992, rms). only tiny changes since
310 I would say started non-trivial (1993, jimb, heavily based
311 on irix4-0.h). A few borderline non-tiny changes since.
314 started trivial. 2 non-tiny change, in 1993. looks to
315 be made up of several small tweaks from various sources. maybe
316 non-tiny total changes from Karl Berry (no emacs assignment).
319 started trivial. grown in tiny changes (one borderline tiny change
320 by fx in 2000, but most code was later removed). non-tiny addition
321 in 2002 from m/alpha.h, but that was and is copyright FSF.
324 started non-trivial, but was heavily based on usg5-4.h, which was and is
325 copyright FSF. only tiny changes since installed.
328 started trivial. only non-tiny change (1994) incorporated code from
329 usg5-4.h, which was and is copyright FSF.
331 aix3-2.h, bsd386.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, netbsd.h, sunos4-0.h
332 started trivial, grown in tiny changes.
335 Someone might want to tweak the copyright years (for dates before
336 2001) that I used in all these files.
338 Note: erring on the side of caution, I also added notices to some
339 files I thought might be considered non-trivial (if one includes
341 aix4-1.h hiuxmpp.h hiuxwe2.h hpux10.h irix6-0.h irix6-5.h isc3-0.h
342 ptx4.h sol2.h sunos4-0.h
344 (everything with > 30 non-blank lines, which at least is _some_ kind of
348 *** These are copyright issues that need not be fixed until after
349 Emacs 22 is released (though if they can be fixed before, that is
353 Is it OK to just `cvs remove' a file for legal reasons, or is
354 something more drastic needed? A removed file is still available from
355 CVS, if suitable options are applied. (This CVS issue obviously does
356 not affect a release).
360 Make sure that all files with non-standard copyrights or licenses are
365 File says it was written in 1983 by Eugene Ciccarelli, who has no
366 assignment. RMS: "The lawyer said we can keep BABYL."
369 REMOVED etc/orgcard.tex, orgcard.ps
370 Re-add these files if an assignment is received from Rooke.
374 Image files from GTK, Gnome are under GPLv2 (no "or later"?). RMS will
375 contact image authors in regards to future switch to v3.
378 REMOVED src/unexhp9k800.c
379 - we would like to re-add this file if possible. Please let us know
380 if you can clarify its legal status.
381 http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00138.html
384 *** These are copyright issues still to be addressed:
386 NB apart from switching the TUTORIALs to GPL, I think there is nothing
387 here that anyone can work on without further input from rms.
390 Maybe some relevant comments here?
391 <http://groups.google.com/group/linux.debian.legal/browse_thread/thread/123547ea95437a1f>
394 etc/gnus-logo.eps, gnus-booklet.ps, gnus-refcard.ps
395 just to be safe, papers are on the way for the "Gnus logo", even
396 though it is very similar to the already-assigned "Emacs logo".
400 does rms want simple license restored for this?
403 etc/ms-kermit - no copyright, but ms-7bkermit has one
406 etc/TUTORIAL* (translations)
407 switch to GPL (see english TUTORIAL)
408 rms: "We can leave the TUTORIAL translations alone until their
409 maintainers update them."
412 lib-src/etags.c - no 'k.* arnold' in copyright.list'
413 rms: "That is ok, in principle. I used free code released by Ken
414 Arnold as the starting point. However, it may be that we need to get
415 and insert whatever his license was for his code."
419 - 1984 version of ctags, with no copyright, posted to net.sources:
420 http://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/a21b6c21be12a98d
424 copyright Chuck Thompson; but under GPL, so OK?
426 lwlib/lwlib-Xlw.c, lwlib-Xm.c, lwlib-Xm.h, xlwmenu.c
427 copyright lucid and FSF, but under GPL, so OK?
428 FSF copyrights were added in 200x, was that right?
430 lwlib/lwlib-int.h, lwlib.h, lwlib-Xaw.h, lwlib-Xlw.h, lwlib-utils.h
431 no copyright. last three trivial?
432 suspect these must have been part of the "Lucid Widget Library",
433 which is under GPL. Can't find an original version of this to check.
436 "some parts" copyright Lucid, no license
438 lwlib/lwlib-utils.c, lwlib.c
439 copyright Lucid, Inc; but under GPL, so OK?
441 lwlib/xlwmenu.h, xlwmenuP.h
442 part of 'Lucid Widget Library', but only FSF copyright (when files
443 were first checked into RCS, there were no copyrights). Was it right
444 to add FSF copyright?
445 should we add a 1992 Lucid copyright?
449 1) ensure all files that were originally in the "Lucid Widget
450 Library" have 1992 Lucid copyright?
451 2) add or remove FSF copyrights to any files we have made non-trivial
452 changes to since 1992?
456 - should there be any FSF copyrights at all in here? Some were added
457 in 2005, without licence notices. Was this right?
458 Eg don't think copyright.h should have FSF copyright!
459 Should add copyright details for X11R1 to the README file. (see
460 copyright.h). I suggest we remove copyright.h and add the notices
461 directly into the files.
464 The general issue is, as with some of the Lucid code in lwlib, suppose
465 file foo.c is Copyright (C) 2000 John Smith, and released under the
466 GPL. We check it into Emacs CVS and make non-trivial changes to it.
467 Should we add a FSF copyright or not? Can we add such a notice as soon
468 as we check it check it in to CVS?
471 oldXMenu/Makefile.in, Makefile, Imakefile, descrip.mms, insque.c
472 - issues described in mail to rms, 2006/12/17.
473 rms: "I have asked for lawyer's advice about these."
476 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
478 GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
479 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
480 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
483 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
484 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
485 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
486 GNU General Public License for more details.
488 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
489 along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
490 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
491 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.