* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio*.el: Align a bit better with CLOS

[gnu-emacs] / lisp / emacs-lisp / eieio.el

;;; eieio.el --- Enhanced Implementation of Emacs Interpreted Objects  -*- lexical-binding:t -*-
;;;              or maybe Eric's Implementation of Emacs Interpreted Objects

;; Copyright (C) 1995-1996, 1998-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Author: Eric M. Ludlam <zappo@gnu.org>
;; Version: 1.4
;; Keywords: OO, lisp

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
;; (at your option) any later version.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;; GNU General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

;;; Commentary:
;;
;; EIEIO is a series of Lisp routines which implements a subset of
;; CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.  In addition, EIEIO also adds
;; a few new features which help it integrate more strongly with the
;; Emacs running environment.
;;
;; See eieio.texi for complete documentation on using this package.
;;
;; Note: the implementation of the c3 algorithm is based on:
;;   Kim Barrett et al.: A Monotonic Superclass Linearization for Dylan
;;   Retrieved from:
;;   http://192.220.96.201/dylan/linearization-oopsla96.html

;; @TODO - fix :initform to be a form, not a quoted value
;; @TODO - Prefix non-clos functions with `eieio-'.

;; TODO: better integrate CL's defstructs and classes.  E.g. make it possible
;; to create a new class that inherits from a struct.

;;; Code:

(defvar eieio-version "1.4"
  "Current version of EIEIO.")

(defun eieio-version ()
  "Display the current version of EIEIO."
  (interactive)
  (message eieio-version))

(require 'eieio-core)

\f
;;; Defining a new class
;;
(defmacro defclass (name superclasses slots &rest options-and-doc)
  "Define NAME as a new class derived from SUPERCLASS with SLOTS.
OPTIONS-AND-DOC is used as the class' options and base documentation.
SUPERCLASSES is a list of superclasses to inherit from, with SLOTS
being the slots residing in that class definition.  Supported tags are:

  :initform   - Initializing form.
  :initarg    - Tag used during initialization.
  :accessor   - Tag used to create a function to access this slot.
  :allocation - Specify where the value is stored.
                Defaults to `:instance', but could also be `:class'.
  :writer     - A function symbol which will `write' an object's slot.
  :reader     - A function symbol which will `read' an object.
  :type       - The type of data allowed in this slot (see `typep').
  :documentation
              - A string documenting use of this slot.

The following are extensions on CLOS:
  :custom     - When customizing an object, the custom :type.  Public only.
  :label      - A text string label used for a slot when customizing.
  :group      - Name of a customization group this slot belongs in.
  :printer    - A function to call to print the value of a slot.
                See `eieio-override-prin1' as an example.

A class can also have optional options.  These options happen in place
of documentation (including a :documentation tag), in addition to
documentation, or not at all.  Supported options are:

  :documentation - The doc-string used for this class.

Options added to EIEIO:

  :allow-nil-initform - Non-nil to skip typechecking of null initforms.
  :custom-groups      - List of custom group names.  Organizes slots into
                        reasonable groups for customizations.
  :abstract           - Non-nil to prevent instances of this class.
                        If a string, use as an error string if someone does
                        try to make an instance.
  :method-invocation-order
                      - Control the method invocation order if there is
                        multiple inheritance.  Valid values are:
                         :breadth-first - The default.
                         :depth-first

Options in CLOS not supported in EIEIO:

  :metaclass - Class to use in place of `standard-class'
  :default-initargs - Initargs to use when initializing new objects of
                      this class.

Due to the way class options are set up, you can add any tags you wish,
and reference them using the function `class-option'."
  (declare (doc-string 4))
  (cl-check-type superclasses list)

  (cond ((and (stringp (car options-and-doc))
              (/= 1 (% (length options-and-doc) 2)))
         (error "Too many arguments to `defclass'"))
        ((and (symbolp (car options-and-doc))
              (/= 0 (% (length options-and-doc) 2)))
         (error "Too many arguments to `defclass'")))

  (if (stringp (car options-and-doc))
      (setq options-and-doc
            (cons :documentation options-and-doc)))

  ;; Make sure the method invocation order is a valid value.
  (let ((io (eieio--class-option-assoc options-and-doc
                                       :method-invocation-order)))
    (when (and io (not (member io '(:depth-first :breadth-first :c3))))
      (error "Method invocation order %s is not allowed" io)))

  (let ((testsym1 (intern (concat (symbol-name name) "-p")))
        (testsym2 (intern (format "eieio--childp--%s" name)))
        (accessors ()))

    ;; Collect the accessors we need to define.
    (pcase-dolist (`(,sname . ,soptions) slots)
      (let* ((acces   (plist-get soptions :accessor))
             (initarg (plist-get soptions :initarg))
             (reader  (plist-get soptions :reader))
             (writer  (plist-get soptions :writer))
             (alloc   (plist-get soptions :allocation))
             (label   (plist-get soptions :label)))

        (if eieio-error-unsupported-class-tags
            (let ((tmp soptions))
              (while tmp
                (if (not (member (car tmp) '(:accessor
                                             :initform
                                             :initarg
                                             :documentation
                                             :protection
                                             :reader
                                             :writer
                                             :allocation
                                             :type
                                             :custom
                                             :label
                                             :group
                                             :printer
                                             :allow-nil-initform
                                             :custom-groups)))
                    (signal 'invalid-slot-type (list (car tmp))))
                (setq tmp (cdr (cdr tmp))))))

        ;; Make sure the :allocation parameter has a valid value.
        (if (not (memq alloc '(nil :class :instance)))
            (signal 'invalid-slot-type (list :allocation alloc)))

        ;; Label is nil, or a string
        (if (not (or (null label) (stringp label)))
            (signal 'invalid-slot-type (list :label label)))

        ;; Is there an initarg, but allocation of class?
        (if (and initarg (eq alloc :class))
            (message "Class allocated slots do not need :initarg"))

        ;; Anyone can have an accessor function.  This creates a function
        ;; of the specified name, and also performs a `defsetf' if applicable
        ;; so that users can `setf' the space returned by this function.
        (when acces
          (push `(cl-defmethod (setf ,acces) (value (this ,name))
                   (eieio-oset this ',sname value))
                accessors)
          (push `(cl-defmethod ,acces ((this ,name))
                   ,(format
                     "Retrieve the slot `%S' from an object of class `%S'."
                     sname name)
                   ;; FIXME: Why is this different from the :reader case?
                   (if (slot-boundp this ',sname) (eieio-oref this ',sname)))
                accessors)
          (when (and eieio-backward-compatibility (eq alloc :class))
            ;; FIXME: How could I declare this *method* as obsolete.
            (push `(cl-defmethod ,acces ((this (subclass ,name)))
                     ,(format
                       "Retrieve the class slot `%S' from a class `%S'.
This method is obsolete."
                       sname name)
                     (if (slot-boundp this ',sname)
                         (eieio-oref-default this ',sname)))
                  accessors)))

        ;; If a writer is defined, then create a generic method of that
        ;; name whose purpose is to set the value of the slot.
        (if writer
            (push `(cl-defmethod ,writer ((this ,name) value)
                     ,(format "Set the slot `%S' of an object of class `%S'."
                              sname name)
                     (setf (slot-value this ',sname) value))
                  accessors))
        ;; If a reader is defined, then create a generic method
        ;; of that name whose purpose is to access this slot value.
        (if reader
            (push `(cl-defmethod ,reader ((this ,name))
                     ,(format "Access the slot `%S' from object of class `%S'."
                              sname name)
                     (slot-value this ',sname))
                  accessors))
        ))

    `(progn
       ;; This test must be created right away so we can have self-
       ;; referencing classes.  ei, a class whose slot can contain only
       ;; pointers to itself.

       ;; Create the test functions.
       (defalias ',testsym1 (eieio-make-class-predicate ',name))
       (defalias ',testsym2 (eieio-make-child-predicate ',name))

       ,@(when eieio-backward-compatibility
           (let ((f (intern (format "%s-child-p" name))))
             `((defalias ',f ',testsym2)
               (make-obsolete
                ',f ,(format "use (cl-typep ... '%s) instead" name) "25.1"))))

       ;; When using typep, (typep OBJ 'myclass) returns t for objects which
       ;; are subclasses of myclass.  For our predicates, however, it is
       ;; important for EIEIO to be backwards compatible, where
       ;; myobject-p, and myobject-child-p are different.
       ;; "cl" uses this technique to specify symbols with specific typep
       ;; test, so we can let typep have the CLOS documented behavior
       ;; while keeping our above predicate clean.

       (put ',name 'cl-deftype-satisfies #',testsym2)

       (eieio-defclass-internal ',name ',superclasses ',slots ',options-and-doc)

       ,@accessors

       ;; Create the constructor function
       ,(if (eieio--class-option-assoc options-and-doc :abstract)
            ;; Abstract classes cannot be instantiated.  Say so.
            (let ((abs (eieio--class-option-assoc options-and-doc :abstract)))
              (if (not (stringp abs))
                  (setq abs (format "Class %s is abstract" name)))
              `(defun ,name (&rest _)
                 ,(format "You cannot create a new object of type %S." name)
                 (error ,abs)))

          ;; Non-abstract classes need a constructor.
          `(defun ,name (&rest slots)
             ,(format "Create a new object with name NAME of class type %S."
                      name)
             (declare (compiler-macro
                       (lambda (whole)
                         (if (not (stringp (car slots)))
                             whole
                           (macroexp--warn-and-return
                            (format "Obsolete name arg %S to constructor %S"
                                    (car slots) (car whole))
                            ;; Keep the name arg, for backward compatibility,
                            ;; but hide it so we don't trigger indefinitely.
                            `(,(car whole) (identity ,(car slots))
                              ,@(cdr slots)))))))
             (apply #'make-instance ',name slots))))))


;;; Get/Set slots in an object.
;;
(defmacro oref (obj slot)
  "Retrieve the value stored in OBJ in the slot named by SLOT.
Slot is the name of the slot when created by `defclass' or the label
created by the :initarg tag."
  (declare (debug (form symbolp)))
  `(eieio-oref ,obj (quote ,slot)))

(defalias 'slot-value 'eieio-oref)
(defalias 'set-slot-value 'eieio-oset)
(make-obsolete 'set-slot-value "use (setf (slot-value ..) ..) instead" "25.1")

(defmacro oref-default (obj slot)
  "Get the default value of OBJ (maybe a class) for SLOT.
The default value is the value installed in a class with the :initform
tag.  SLOT can be the slot name, or the tag specified by the :initarg
tag in the `defclass' call."
  (declare (debug (form symbolp)))
  `(eieio-oref-default ,obj (quote ,slot)))

;;; Handy CLOS macros
;;
(defmacro with-slots (spec-list object &rest body)
  "Bind SPEC-LIST lexically to slot values in OBJECT, and execute BODY.
This establishes a lexical environment for referring to the slots in
the instance named by the given slot-names as though they were
variables.  Within such a context the value of the slot can be
specified by using its slot name, as if it were a lexically bound
variable.  Both setf and setq can be used to set the value of the
slot.

SPEC-LIST is of a form similar to `let'.  For example:

  ((VAR1 SLOT1)
    SLOT2
    SLOTN
   (VARN+1 SLOTN+1))

Where each VAR is the local variable given to the associated
SLOT.  A slot specified without a variable name is given a
variable name of the same name as the slot."
  (declare (indent 2) (debug (sexp sexp def-body)))
  (require 'cl-lib)
  ;; Transform the spec-list into a cl-symbol-macrolet spec-list.
  (let ((mappings (mapcar (lambda (entry)
                            (let ((var  (if (listp entry) (car entry) entry))
                                  (slot (if (listp entry) (cadr entry) entry)))
                              (list var `(slot-value ,object ',slot))))
                          spec-list)))
    (append (list 'cl-symbol-macrolet mappings)
            body)))
\f
;;; Simple generators, and query functions.  None of these would do
;;  well embedded into an object.
;;
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'object-class-fast #'eieio--object-class-name "24.4")

(cl-defgeneric eieio-object-name-string (obj)
  "Return a string which is OBJ's name."
  (declare (obsolete eieio-named "25.1")))

(defun eieio-object-name (obj &optional extra)
  "Return a printed representation for object OBJ.
If EXTRA, include that in the string returned to represent the symbol."
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  (format "#<%s %s%s>" (eieio--object-class-name obj)
          (eieio-object-name-string obj) (or extra "")))
(define-obsolete-function-alias 'object-name #'eieio-object-name "24.4")

(defconst eieio--object-names (make-hash-table :test #'eq :weakness 'key))

;; In the past, every EIEIO object had a `name' field, so we had the two method
;; below "for free".  Since this field is very rarely used, we got rid of it
;; and instead we keep it in a weak hash-tables, for those very rare objects
;; that use it.
(cl-defmethod eieio-object-name-string (obj)
  (or (gethash obj eieio--object-names)
      (symbol-name (eieio-object-class obj))))
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'object-name-string #'eieio-object-name-string "24.4")

(cl-defmethod eieio-object-set-name-string (obj name)
  "Set the string which is OBJ's NAME."
  (declare (obsolete eieio-named "25.1"))
  (cl-check-type name string)
  (setf (gethash obj eieio--object-names) name))
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'object-set-name-string 'eieio-object-set-name-string "24.4")

(defun eieio-object-class (obj)
  "Return the class struct defining OBJ."
  ;; FIXME: We say we return a "struct" but we return a symbol instead!
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  (eieio--object-class-name obj))
(define-obsolete-function-alias 'object-class #'eieio-object-class "24.4")
;; CLOS name, maybe?
(define-obsolete-function-alias 'class-of #'eieio-object-class "24.4")

(defun eieio-object-class-name (obj)
  "Return a Lisp like symbol name for OBJ's class."
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  (eieio-class-name (eieio--object-class-object obj)))
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'object-class-name 'eieio-object-class-name "24.4")

(defun eieio-class-parents (class)
  "Return parent classes to CLASS.  (overload of variable).

The CLOS function `class-direct-superclasses' is aliased to this function."
  (eieio--class-parent (eieio--class-object class)))

(define-obsolete-function-alias 'class-parents #'eieio-class-parents "24.4")

(defun eieio-class-children (class)
  "Return child classes to CLASS.
The CLOS function `class-direct-subclasses' is aliased to this function."
  (cl-check-type class class)
  (eieio--class-children (eieio--class-v class)))
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'class-children #'eieio-class-children "24.4")

;; Official CLOS functions.
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'class-direct-superclasses #'eieio-class-parents "24.4")
(define-obsolete-function-alias
  'class-direct-subclasses #'eieio-class-children "24.4")

(defmacro eieio-class-parent (class)
  "Return first parent class to CLASS.  (overload of variable)."
  `(car (eieio-class-parents ,class)))
(define-obsolete-function-alias 'class-parent 'eieio-class-parent "24.4")

(defun same-class-p (obj class)
  "Return t if OBJ is of class-type CLASS."
  (setq class (eieio--class-object class))
  (cl-check-type class eieio--class)
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  (eq (eieio--object-class-object obj) class))

(defun object-of-class-p (obj class)
  "Return non-nil if OBJ is an instance of CLASS or CLASS' subclasses."
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  ;; class will be checked one layer down
  (child-of-class-p (eieio--object-class-object obj) class))
;; Backwards compatibility
(defalias 'obj-of-class-p 'object-of-class-p)

(defun child-of-class-p (child class)
  "Return non-nil if CHILD class is a subclass of CLASS."
  (setq child (eieio--class-object child))
  (cl-check-type child eieio--class)
  ;; `eieio-default-superclass' is never mentioned in eieio--class-parent,
  ;; so we have to special case it here.
  (or (eq class 'eieio-default-superclass)
      (let ((p nil))
        (setq class (eieio--class-object class))
        (cl-check-type class eieio--class)
        (while (and child (not (eq child class)))
          (setq p (append p (eieio--class-parent child))
                child (pop p)))
        (if child t))))

(defun eieio-slot-descriptor-name (slot) slot)

(defun eieio-class-slots (class)
  "Return list of slots available in instances of CLASS."
  ;; FIXME: This only gives the instance slots and ignores the
  ;; class-allocated slots.
  ;; FIXME: It only gives the slot's *names* rather than actual
  ;; slot descriptors.
  (setq class (eieio--class-object class))
  (cl-check-type class eieio--class)
  (eieio--class-public-a class))

(defun object-slots (obj)
  "Return list of slots available in OBJ."
  (declare (obsolete eieio-class-slots "25.1"))
  (cl-check-type obj eieio-object)
  (eieio-class-slots (eieio--object-class-object obj)))

(defun eieio--class-slot-initarg (class slot) "Fetch from CLASS, SLOT's :initarg."
  (cl-check-type class eieio--class)
  (let ((ia (eieio--class-initarg-tuples class))
        (f nil))
    (while (and ia (not f))
      (if (eq (cdr (car ia)) slot)
          (setq f (car (car ia))))
      (setq ia (cdr ia)))
    f))

;;; Object Set macros
;;
(defmacro oset (obj slot value)
  "Set the value in OBJ for slot SLOT to VALUE.
SLOT is the slot name as specified in `defclass' or the tag created
with in the :initarg slot.  VALUE can be any Lisp object."
  (declare (debug (form symbolp form)))
  `(eieio-oset ,obj (quote ,slot) ,value))

(defmacro oset-default (class slot value)
  "Set the default slot in CLASS for SLOT to VALUE.
The default value is usually set with the :initform tag during class
creation.  This allows users to change the default behavior of classes
after they are created."
  (declare (debug (form symbolp form)))
  `(eieio-oset-default ,class (quote ,slot) ,value))

;;; CLOS queries into classes and slots
;;
(defun slot-boundp (object slot)
  "Return non-nil if OBJECT's SLOT is bound.
Setting a slot's value makes it bound.  Calling `slot-makeunbound' will
make a slot unbound.
OBJECT can be an instance or a class."
  ;; Skip typechecking while retrieving this value.
  (let ((eieio-skip-typecheck t))
    ;; Return nil if the magic symbol is in there.
    (not (eq (cond
              ((eieio-object-p object) (eieio-oref object slot))
              ((symbolp object)        (eieio-oref-default object slot))
              (t (signal 'wrong-type-argument (list 'eieio-object-p object))))
             eieio-unbound))))

(defun slot-makeunbound (object slot)
  "In OBJECT, make SLOT unbound."
  (eieio-oset object slot eieio-unbound))

(defun slot-exists-p (object-or-class slot)
  "Return non-nil if OBJECT-OR-CLASS has SLOT."
  (let ((cv (cond ((eieio-object-p object-or-class)
                   (eieio--object-class-object object-or-class))
                  ((eieio--class-p object-or-class) object-or-class)
                  (t (find-class object-or-class 'error)))))
    (or (memq slot (eieio--class-public-a cv))
        (memq slot (eieio--class-class-allocation-a cv)))
    ))

(defun find-class (symbol &optional errorp)
  "Return the class that SYMBOL represents.
If there is no class, nil is returned if ERRORP is nil.
If ERRORP is non-nil, `wrong-argument-type' is signaled."
  (let ((class (eieio--class-v symbol)))
    (cond
     ((eieio--class-p class) class)
     (errorp (signal 'wrong-type-argument (list 'class-p symbol))))))

;;; Slightly more complex utility functions for objects
;;
(defun object-assoc (key slot list)
  "Return an object if KEY is `equal' to SLOT's value of an object in LIST.
LIST is a list of objects whose slots are searched.
Objects in LIST do not need to have a slot named SLOT, nor does
SLOT need to be bound.  If these errors occur, those objects will
be ignored."
  (cl-check-type list list)
  (while (and list (not (condition-case nil
                            ;; This prevents errors for missing slots.
                            (equal key (eieio-oref (car list) slot))
                          (error nil))))
    (setq list (cdr list)))
  (car list))

(defun object-assoc-list (slot list)
  "Return an association list with the contents of SLOT as the key element.
LIST must be a list of objects with SLOT in it.
This is useful when you need to do completing read on an object group."
  (cl-check-type list list)
  (let ((assoclist nil))
    (while list
      (setq assoclist (cons (cons (eieio-oref (car list) slot)
                                  (car list))
                            assoclist))
      (setq list (cdr list)))
    (nreverse assoclist)))

(defun object-assoc-list-safe (slot list)
  "Return an association list with the contents of SLOT as the key element.
LIST must be a list of objects, but those objects do not need to have
SLOT in it.  If it does not, then that element is left out of the association
list."
  (cl-check-type list list)
  (let ((assoclist nil))
    (while list
      (if (slot-exists-p (car list) slot)
          (setq assoclist (cons (cons (eieio-oref (car list) slot)
                                      (car list))
                                assoclist)))
      (setq list (cdr list)))
    (nreverse assoclist)))

(defun object-add-to-list (object slot item &optional append)
  "In OBJECT's SLOT, add ITEM to the list of elements.
Optional argument APPEND indicates we need to append to the list.
If ITEM already exists in the list in SLOT, then it is not added.
Comparison is done with `equal' through the `member' function call.
If SLOT is unbound, bind it to the list containing ITEM."
  (let (ov)
    ;; Find the originating list.
    (if (not (slot-boundp object slot))
        (setq ov (list item))
      (setq ov (eieio-oref object slot))
      ;; turn it into a list.
      (unless (listp ov)
        (setq ov (list ov)))
      ;; Do the combination
      (if (not (member item ov))
          (setq ov
                (if append
                    (append ov (list item))
                  (cons item ov)))))
    ;; Set back into the slot.
    (eieio-oset object slot ov)))

(defun object-remove-from-list (object slot item)
  "In OBJECT's SLOT, remove occurrences of ITEM.
Deletion is done with `delete', which deletes by side effect,
and comparisons are done with `equal'.
If SLOT is unbound, do nothing."
  (if (not (slot-boundp object slot))
      nil
    (eieio-oset object slot (delete item (eieio-oref object slot)))))

;;; Here are some CLOS items that need the CL package
;;

;; FIXME: Shouldn't this be a more complex gv-expander which extracts the
;; common code between oref and oset, so as to reduce the redundant work done
;; in (push foo (oref bar baz)), like we do for the `nth' expander?
(gv-define-simple-setter eieio-oref eieio-oset)

\f
;;;
;; We want all objects created by EIEIO to have some default set of
;; behaviors so we can create object utilities, and allow various
;; types of error checking.  To do this, create the default EIEIO
;; class, and when no parent class is specified, use this as the
;; default.  (But don't store it in the other classes as the default,
;; allowing for transparent support.)
;;

(defclass eieio-default-superclass nil
  nil
  "Default parent class for classes with no specified parent class.
Its slots are automatically adopted by classes with no specified parents.
This class is not stored in the `parent' slot of a class vector."
  :abstract t)

(setq eieio-default-superclass (eieio--class-v 'eieio-default-superclass))

(defalias 'standard-class 'eieio-default-superclass)

(cl-defgeneric make-instance (class &rest initargs)
  "Make a new instance of CLASS based on INITARGS.
For example:

  (make-instance 'foo)

INITARGS is a property list with keywords based on the `:initarg'
for each slot.  For example:

  (make-instance 'foo :slot1 value1 :slotN valueN)")

(define-obsolete-function-alias 'constructor #'make-instance "25.1")

(cl-defmethod make-instance
    ((class (subclass eieio-default-superclass)) &rest slots)
  "Default constructor for CLASS `eieio-default-superclass'.
SLOTS are the initialization slots used by `initialize-instance'.
This static method is called when an object is constructed.
It allocates the vector used to represent an EIEIO object, and then
calls `initialize-instance' on that object."
  (let* ((new-object (copy-sequence (eieio--class-default-object-cache
                                     (eieio--class-object class)))))
    (if (and slots
             (let ((x (car slots)))
               (or (stringp x) (null x))))
        (funcall (if eieio-backward-compatibility #'ignore #'message)
                 "Obsolete name %S passed to %S constructor"
                 (pop slots) class))
    ;; Call the initialize method on the new object with the slots
    ;; that were passed down to us.
    (initialize-instance new-object slots)
    ;; Return the created object.
    new-object))

;; FIXME: CLOS uses "&rest INITARGS" instead.
(cl-defgeneric shared-initialize (obj slots)
  "Set slots of OBJ with SLOTS which is a list of name/value pairs.
Called from the constructor routine.")

(cl-defmethod shared-initialize ((obj eieio-default-superclass) slots)
  "Set slots of OBJ with SLOTS which is a list of name/value pairs.
Called from the constructor routine."
  (while slots
    (let ((rn (eieio--initarg-to-attribute (eieio--object-class-object obj)
                                           (car slots))))
      (if (not rn)
          (slot-missing obj (car slots) 'oset (car (cdr slots)))
        (eieio-oset obj rn (car (cdr slots)))))
    (setq slots (cdr (cdr slots)))))

;; FIXME: CLOS uses "&rest INITARGS" instead.
(cl-defgeneric initialize-instance (this &optional slots)
  "Construct the new object THIS based on SLOTS.")

(cl-defmethod initialize-instance ((this eieio-default-superclass)
                                &optional slots)
  "Construct the new object THIS based on SLOTS.
SLOTS is a tagged list where odd numbered elements are tags, and
even numbered elements are the values to store in the tagged slot.
If you overload the `initialize-instance', there you will need to
call `shared-initialize' yourself, or you can call `call-next-method'
to have this constructor called automatically.  If these steps are
not taken, then new objects of your class will not have their values
dynamically set from SLOTS."
  ;; First, see if any of our defaults are `lambda', and
  ;; re-evaluate them and apply the value to our slots.
  (let* ((this-class (eieio--object-class-object this))
         (defaults (eieio--class-public-d this-class)))
    (dolist (slot (eieio--class-public-a this-class))
      ;; For each slot, see if we need to evaluate it.
      ;;
      ;; Paul Landes said in an email:
      ;; > CL evaluates it if it can, and otherwise, leaves it as
      ;; > the quoted thing as you already have.  This is by the
      ;; > Sonya E. Keene book and other things I've look at on the
      ;; > web.
      (let ((dflt (eieio-default-eval-maybe (car defaults))))
        (when (not (eq dflt (car defaults)))
          (eieio-oset this slot dflt) ))
      ;; Next.
      (setq defaults (cdr defaults))))
  ;; Shared initialize will parse our slots for us.
  (shared-initialize this slots))

(cl-defgeneric slot-missing (object slot-name operation &optional new-value)
  "Method invoked when an attempt to access a slot in OBJECT fails.")

(cl-defmethod slot-missing ((object eieio-default-superclass) slot-name
                         _operation &optional _new-value)
  "Method invoked when an attempt to access a slot in OBJECT fails.
SLOT-NAME is the name of the failed slot, OPERATION is the type of access
that was requested, and optional NEW-VALUE is the value that was desired
to be set.

This method is called from `oref', `oset', and other functions which
directly reference slots in EIEIO objects."
  (signal 'invalid-slot-name (list (eieio-object-name object)
                                   slot-name)))

(cl-defgeneric slot-unbound (object class slot-name fn)
  "Slot unbound is invoked during an attempt to reference an unbound slot.")

(cl-defmethod slot-unbound ((object eieio-default-superclass)
                         class slot-name fn)
  "Slot unbound is invoked during an attempt to reference an unbound slot.
OBJECT is the instance of the object being reference.  CLASS is the
class of OBJECT, and SLOT-NAME is the offending slot.  This function
throws the signal `unbound-slot'.  You can overload this function and
return the value to use in place of the unbound value.
Argument FN is the function signaling this error.
Use `slot-boundp' to determine if a slot is bound or not.

In CLOS, the argument list is (CLASS OBJECT SLOT-NAME), but
EIEIO can only dispatch on the first argument, so the first two are swapped."
  (signal 'unbound-slot (list (eieio-class-name class)
                              (eieio-object-name object)
                              slot-name fn)))

(cl-defgeneric clone (obj &rest params)
  "Make a copy of OBJ, and then supply PARAMS.
PARAMS is a parameter list of the same form used by `initialize-instance'.

When overloading `clone', be sure to call `call-next-method'
first and modify the returned object.")

(cl-defmethod clone ((obj eieio-default-superclass) &rest params)
  "Make a copy of OBJ, and then apply PARAMS."
  (let ((nobj (copy-sequence obj)))
    (if (stringp (car params))
        (funcall (if eieio-backward-compatibility #'ignore #'message)
                 "Obsolete name %S passed to clone" (pop params)))
    (if params (shared-initialize nobj params))
    nobj))

(cl-defgeneric destructor (this &rest params)
  "Destructor for cleaning up any dynamic links to our object.")

(cl-defmethod destructor ((_this eieio-default-superclass) &rest _params)
  "Destructor for cleaning up any dynamic links to our object.
Argument THIS is the object being destroyed.  PARAMS are additional
ignored parameters."
  ;; No cleanup... yet.
  )

(cl-defgeneric object-print (this &rest strings)
  "Pretty printer for object THIS.  Call function `object-name' with STRINGS.

It is sometimes useful to put a summary of the object into the
default #<notation> string when using EIEIO browsing tools.
Implement this method to customize the summary.")

(cl-defmethod object-print ((this eieio-default-superclass) &rest strings)
  "Pretty printer for object THIS.  Call function `object-name' with STRINGS.
The default method for printing object THIS is to use the
function `object-name'.

It is sometimes useful to put a summary of the object into the
default #<notation> string when using EIEIO browsing tools.

Implement this function and specify STRINGS in a call to
`call-next-method' to provide additional summary information.
When passing in extra strings from child classes, always remember
to prepend a space."
  (eieio-object-name this (apply #'concat strings)))

(defvar eieio-print-depth 0
  "When printing, keep track of the current indentation depth.")

(cl-defgeneric object-write (this &optional comment)
  "Write out object THIS to the current stream.
Optional COMMENT will add comments to the beginning of the output.")

(cl-defmethod object-write ((this eieio-default-superclass) &optional comment)
  "Write object THIS out to the current stream.
This writes out the vector version of this object.  Complex and recursive
object are discouraged from being written.
  If optional COMMENT is non-nil, include comments when outputting
this object."
  (when comment
    (princ ";; Object ")
    (princ (eieio-object-name-string this))
    (princ "\n")
    (princ comment)
    (princ "\n"))
  (let* ((cl (eieio-object-class this))
         (cv (eieio--class-v cl)))
    ;; Now output readable lisp to recreate this object
    ;; It should look like this:
    ;; (<constructor> <name> <slot> <slot> ... )
    ;; Each slot's slot is writen using its :writer.
    (princ (make-string (* eieio-print-depth 2) ? ))
    (princ "(")
    (princ (symbol-name (eieio--class-constructor (eieio-object-class this))))
    (princ " ")
    (prin1 (eieio-object-name-string this))
    (princ "\n")
    ;; Loop over all the public slots
    (let ((publa (eieio--class-public-a cv))
          (publd (eieio--class-public-d cv))
          (publp (eieio--class-public-printer cv))
          (eieio-print-depth (1+ eieio-print-depth)))
      (while publa
        (when (slot-boundp this (car publa))
          (let ((i (eieio--class-slot-initarg cv (car publa)))
                (v (eieio-oref this (car publa)))
                )
            (unless (or (not i) (equal v (car publd)))
              (unless (bolp)
                (princ "\n"))
              (princ (make-string (* eieio-print-depth 2) ? ))
              (princ (symbol-name i))
              (if (car publp)
                  ;; Use our public printer
                  (progn
                    (princ " ")
                    (funcall (car publp) v))
                ;; Use our generic override prin1 function.
                (princ (if (or (eieio-object-p v)
                               (eieio-object-p (car-safe v)))
                           "\n" " "))
                (eieio-override-prin1 v)))))
        (setq publa (cdr publa) publd (cdr publd)
              publp (cdr publp))))
    (princ ")")
    (when (= eieio-print-depth 0)
      (princ "\n"))))

(defun eieio-override-prin1 (thing)
  "Perform a `prin1' on THING taking advantage of object knowledge."
  (cond ((eieio-object-p thing)
         (object-write thing))
        ((consp thing)
         (eieio-list-prin1 thing))
        ((eieio--class-p thing)
         (princ (eieio--class-print-name thing)))
        (t (prin1 thing))))

(defun eieio-list-prin1 (list)
  "Display LIST where list may contain objects."
  (if (not (eieio-object-p (car list)))
      (progn
        (princ "'")
        (prin1 list))
    (princ (make-string (* eieio-print-depth 2) ? ))
    (princ "(list")
    (let ((eieio-print-depth (1+ eieio-print-depth)))
      (while list
        (princ "\n")
        (if (eieio-object-p (car list))
            (object-write (car list))
          (princ (make-string (* eieio-print-depth 2) ? ))
          (eieio-override-prin1 (car list)))
        (setq list (cdr list))))
    (princ ")")))

\f
;;; Unimplemented functions from CLOS
;;
(defun change-class (_obj _class)
  "Change the class of OBJ to type CLASS.
This may create or delete slots, but does not affect the return value
of `eq'."
  (error "EIEIO: `change-class' is unimplemented"))

;; Hook ourselves into help system for describing classes and methods.
(add-hook 'help-fns-describe-function-functions 'eieio-help-constructor)

;;; Interfacing with edebug
;;
(defun eieio-edebug-prin1-to-string (print-function object &optional noescape)
  "Display EIEIO OBJECT in fancy format.

Used as advice around `edebug-prin1-to-string', held in the
variable PRINT-FUNCTION.  Optional argument NOESCAPE is passed to
`prin1-to-string' when appropriate."
  (cond ((eieio--class-p object) (eieio--class-print-name object))
        ((eieio-object-p object) (object-print object))
        ((and (listp object) (or (eieio--class-p (car object))
                                 (eieio-object-p (car object))))
         (concat "(" (mapconcat
                      (lambda (x) (eieio-edebug-prin1-to-string print-function x))
                      object " ")
                 ")"))
        (t (funcall print-function object noescape))))

(advice-add 'edebug-prin1-to-string
            :around #'eieio-edebug-prin1-to-string)

\f
;;; Start of automatically extracted autoloads.
\f
;;;### (autoloads nil "eieio-custom" "eieio-custom.el" "2ec91e473fcad1ff20cd76edc4aab706")
;;; Generated autoloads from eieio-custom.el

(autoload 'customize-object "eieio-custom" "\
Customize OBJ in a custom buffer.
Optional argument GROUP is the sub-group of slots to display.

\(fn OBJ &optional GROUP)" nil nil)

;;;***
\f
;;;### (autoloads nil "eieio-opt" "eieio-opt.el" "ff1097f185bc2c253276a7d19fe2f54a")
;;; Generated autoloads from eieio-opt.el

(autoload 'eieio-browse "eieio-opt" "\
Create an object browser window to show all objects.
If optional ROOT-CLASS, then start with that, otherwise start with
variable `eieio-default-superclass'.

\(fn &optional ROOT-CLASS)" t nil)

(autoload 'eieio-help-class "eieio-opt" "\
Print help description for CLASS.
If CLASS is actually an object, then also display current values of that object.

\(fn CLASS)" nil nil)

(autoload 'eieio-help-constructor "eieio-opt" "\
Describe CTR if it is a class constructor.

\(fn CTR)" nil nil)

;;;***
\f
;;; End of automatically extracted autoloads.

(provide 'eieio)

;;; eieio ends here