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  12   <h1>The rEFInd Boot Manager:<br />Installing rEFInd</h1>
  13
  14   <p class="subhead">by Roderick W. Smith, <a
  15 href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com</a></p>
  16
  17   <p>Originally written: 3/14/2012; last Web page update: 3/26/2012, referencing rEFInd 0.2.3</p>
  18
  19
  20 <p>I'm a technical writer and consultant specializing in Linux technologies. This Web page is provided free of charge and with no annoying outside ads; however, I did take time to prepare it, and Web hosting does cost money. If you find this Web page useful, please consider making a small donation to help keep this site up and running. Thanks!</p>
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  86 <hr />
  87
  88 <p>This page is part of the documentation for the rEFInd boot manager. If a Web search has brought you here, you may want to start at the <a href="index.html">main page.</a></p>
  89
  90 <hr />
  91
  92 <div class="sidebar">
  93
  94 <p><b>Important:</b> A rEFInd zip file, when uncompressed, creates a directory called <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt>, where <tt><i>version</i></tt> is the version number. This directory includes a subdirectory called <tt>refind</tt> that holds the boot loader, along with another that holds documentation, as well as miscellaneous files in <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> itself. When I refer to "the <tt>refind</tt> directory" on this page, I mean the directory with that precise name, not the <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> directory that is its parent.</p>
  95
  96 </div>
  97
  98 <p>Once you've uncompressed a rEFInd binary zip file, you can copy the entire <tt>refind</tt> directory into your EFI System Partition's (ESP's) <tt>EFI</tt> directory on UEFI-based PCs, so that rEFInd resides in <tt>EFI/refind</tt>. If you've tried rEFInd using a CD-R image file, you can copy the files from the <tt>EFI/refind</tt> directory on the CD to create an equivalent directory on the ESP. To avoid confusion, though, you should delete the rEFInd binary file for the CPU type your computer does <i>not</i> use. To the best of my knowledge, all UEFI-based PCs use 64-bit CPUs, so you should keep the <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> binary and delete the <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> binary. Most Intel-based Macs also have 64-bit EFI implementations, so you should do the same thing; but very early Intel-based Macs have 32-bit EFIs (and sometimes 32-bit CPUs), which require the <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> file. You can determine whether your Mac needs the x86-64 or IA32 build by typing the following command in a Mac Terminal window:</p>
  99
 100 <pre class="listing">
 101 $ <b>ioreg -l -p IODeviceTree | grep firmware-abi</b>
 102 </pre>
 103
 104 <p>The result should read either <tt>EFI32</tt> or <tt>EFI64</tt>, indicating that you should use the <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> or <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> binary, respectively.</p>
 105
 106 <p>Of course, before you can install the files, you must be able to access the ESP. The details of this task vary from one OS to another. If you have a choice, I recommend using <a href="#linux">Linux</a> for rEFInd installation on UEFI PCs and <a href="#osx">OS X</a> on Macs. (On Macs, you can optionally use OS X's main partition rather than the ESP for this purpose.) <a href="#windows">Windows</a> provides relatively primitive tools for accessing the ESP and manipulating the EFI's boot list. I also describe some <a href="#naming">options for naming rEFInd</a> that may be useful on some systems. Finally, I describe how to install some <a href="#addons">extra tools</a> that you may find useful but that are not included with rEFInd.</p>
 107
 108 <a name="linux">
 109 <h2>Installing rEFInd Using Linux</h2>
 110 </a>
 111
 112 <p>Accessing the ESP is easiest from Linux: The ESP is usually mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>. You can verify that this is the case by using the <tt>df</tt> command:</p>
 113
 114 <pre class="listing">
 115 $ <b>df /boot/efi</b>
 116 Filesystem     1K-blocks  Used Available Use% Mounted on
 117 /dev/sda1         191284 16604    174681   9% /boot/efi
 118 </pre>
 119
 120 <p>This example shows that <tt>/dev/sda1</tt> is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>, which is a typical configuration. (The ESP can be on another disk or partition, but <tt>/dev/sda1</tt> is the most common place for an ESP.) If your output shows <tt>/boot</tt> or <tt>/</tt> under the <tt>Mounted on</tt> column, then your ESP isn't mounted. If you get a <tt>df: `/boot/efi': No such file or directory</tt> error message, then the <tt>/boot/efi</tt> directory doesn't even exist. In such cases, you may need to jump through some extra hoops, as described on my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/efi-bootloaders/installation.html">EFI Boot Loader Installation</a> page.</p>
 121
 122 <p>Assuming the ESP is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>, you can install the rEFInd files as follows (you must be <tt>root</tt> to issue these commands, or precede each of them with <tt><b>sudo</b></tt>):</p>
 123
 124 <ol>
 125
 126 <li>Type <tt><b>cp -r refind /boot/efi/EFI/</b></tt> from the <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> directory in which the <tt>refind</tt> directory exists. This copies all the files that rEFInd needs to work.</li>
 127
 128 <li>Type <tt><b>cd /boot/efi/EFI/refind</b></tt> to change into rEFInd's new directory on the ESP.</li>
 129
 130 <li>Type <tt><b>rm refind_ia32.efi</b></tt> to remove the IA32 binary if you're using an x86-64 (64-bit) system; or type <tt><b>rm refind_x64.efi</b></tt> to remove the x86-64 binary if you're using an x86 (32-bit) system. You can optionally rename the binary you keep as <tt>refind.efi</tt>, but this isn't required.</li>
 131
 132 <li>Rename the configuration file by typing <tt><b>mv refind.conf-sample refind.conf</b></tt>. Consult the <a href="configfile.html">Editing the rEFInd Configuration File</a> page for information on how to adjust your options.</li>
 133
 134 <div class="sidebar">
 135
 136 <p><b>Warning:</b> I've seen reports that Linux's <tt>efibootmgr</tt> utility can damage some Macs' firmware, necessitating re-flashing it. Therefore, I recommend using <tt>bless</tt> from OS X to do this job on Apple hardware.</p>
 137
 138 </div>
 139
 140 <a name="efibootmgr">
 141 <li>On a UEFI-based system, type <tt><b>efibootmgr -c -l \\EFI\\refind\\refind_x64.efi -L rEFInd</b></tt> to add rEFInd to your EFI's list of available boot loaders, which it stores in NVRAM. (Adjust the path to the binary as required if you install somewhere else.) You may need to install this program on some systems; it's a standard part of most distributions' repositories.</li>
 142 </a>
 143
 144 <li>If other boot loaders are already installed, you can use <tt>efibootmgr</tt> to adjust their boot order. For instance, <b><tt>efibootmgr -o 3,7,2</tt></b> sets the firmware to try boot loader #3 first, followed by #7, followed by #2. (The program should have displayed a list of boot loaders when you added yours in the preceding step.) Place rEFInd's number first to set it as the default boot program.</li>
 145
 146 </ol>
 147
 148 <p>Note the use of doubled-up backslashes (<tt>\\</tt>) rather than forward slashes (<tt>/</tt>) in the directory separators when using <tt>efibootmgr</tt>. This command will work on most systems that are already booted into EFI mode; however, it won't work if you're booted in BIOS mode. You may also need to add options if your ESP is in some unusual location or if your system is unusual in some way. Consult the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> man page if you need help.</p>
 149
 150 <p>On some systems, <tt>efibootmgr</tt> won't do what you expect. On such systems, you may have better luck renaming the rEFInd files, as described in the <a href="#naming">Alternative Naming Options</a> section.</p>
 151
 152 <a name="osx">
 153 <h2>Installing rEFInd Using Mac OS X</h2>
 154 </a>
 155
 156 <div class="sidebar">
 157
 158 <p>One of the reasons I've abandoned rEFIt's GUI installation tools for Mac OS X is that there are several bug reports (such as <a href="https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3147364&group_id=161917&atid=821764">this one</a> and <a href="https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3218104&group_id=161917&atid=821764">this one</a>) that the rEFIt installer may be causing filesystem corruption on disks over about 500 MiB. I don't have such a disk on my Mac, so I can't test solutions. Rather than risk other peoples' hard disks, I thought it best to revert to a manual installation proceudure that will, I hope, be less likely to cause problems.</p>
 159
 160 </div>
 161
 162 <p>The procedure for installing rEFInd on a Mac is similar to that for installing it under Linux, except that you can install it to the OS X's system directory rather than to the ESP, and you must use the <tt>bless</tt> utility rather than <tt>efibootmgr</tt>. To be precise, you should follow these steps:</p>
 163
 164 <ol>
 165
 166 <li>Open a Terminal window in which you'll type the following commands.</li>
 167
 168 <li>If you want to install rEFInd on your ESP, you must first mount it. You can do this by typing <b><tt>mkdir /Volumes/esp</tt></b> followed by <b><tt>sudo mount_msdos /dev/disk0s1 /Volumes/esp</tt></b>. Note that this step is optional. Also, you may need to change <tt>/dev/disk0s1</tt> to something else if your ESP is at an unusual location. Use a tool such as my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/">GPT fdisk (<tt>gdisk</tt>)</a> to examine your partition table to find your ESP if necessary.</li>
 169
 170 <li>Type <b><tt>sudo mkdir -p /efi/refind</tt></b> to create a suitable directory for rEFInd. If you want to place rEFInd on your ESP, you should adjust the pathname appropriately, as in <tt>/Volumes/esp/efi/refind</tt> if you mounted your ESP as described in the previous step. Alternatively, you can use the Finder to create the directory.</li>
 171
 172 <li>Copy the files in the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory of the rEFInd binary package to the like-named directory you've just created. You can do this in the Finder or by typing <b><tt>sudo cp -r refind/* /efi/refind/</tt></b> in your Terminal window after changing into the rEFInd package's main directory.</li>
 173
 174 <li>Remove the file for the version of rEFInd you're not using, as in <b><tt>sudo rm /efi/refind/refind_ia32.efi</tt></b> on a Mac with a 64-bit EFI or <b><tt>sudo rm /efi/refind/refind_x64.efi</tt></b> on a Mac with a 32-bit EFI.</li>
 175
 176 <li>If this is your first installation, type <b><tt>sudo mv /efi/refind/refind.conf-sample /efi/refind/refind.conf</tt></b> (adjusting the path as necessary) to rename the sample configuration file so that it will serve as a real configuration file. (Again, you can do this with the Finder, if you prefer.)</li>
 177
 178 <li>Type <b><tt>sudo bless --setBoot --folder /efi/refind --file /efi/refind/refind_x64.efi</tt></b> to tell the computer to use rEFInd as the primary boot program. (Adjust the path and filename as necessary if you're placing rEFInd somewhere else or using the 32-bit version.) If you're installing rEFInd to an ESP (or to any partition other than the OS X system partition), you may need to add <b><tt>--mount <i>/Volumes/mounpoint</i></tt></b> to the command, where <tt><i>/Volumes/mounpoint</i></tt> is the location where you've mounted the partition.</li>
 179
 180 </ol>
 181
 182 <p>When you reboot, your Mac should bring up the rEFInd menu, and should continue to do so thereafter. If you make changes that break this association, you can re-run the <tt>bless</tt> command (if necessary, restoring the rEFInd files first). This might be necessary after installing system updates from Apple.</p>
 183
 184 <p>If you're replacing rEFIt, you may discover that rEFInd works on the first boot, but the system reverts back to rEFIt or a direct boot to OS X on the second boot. To fix this problem, you can remove the rEFItBlesser program, which is located at <tt>/Library/StartupItems/rEFItBlesser</tt>. This program attempts to keep rEFIt set as the default boot loader, but it also has the purpose of protecting the computer from launching the wrong OS after waking from sleep. If you want that protection, my suggestion is to install rEFIt and rEFItBlesser and then replace the <tt>refit.efi</tt> file with <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> or <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> (renaming it to <tt>refit.efi</tt>. Used in this way, rEFInd will still look for its own configuration file, <tt>refind.conf</tt>, so you'll need to move it but <i>not</i> rename it. If you don't move the icons from the rEFInd package, your icons will continue to look like rEFIt icons, and you'll be missing the new icons for specific Linux distributions that rEFInd provides.</p>
 185
 186 <p>If you want to remove rEFInd from your system, you can delete its files. The Mac will revert to booting using whatever standard boot loader it can find. Alternatively, you can use <tt>bless</tt> to bless another EFI boot loader. The GUI Startup Disk utility in System Preferences provides a simplified interface that enables you to select which OS X installation to boot, but it doesn't look for non-Apple boot loaders, so you can't use it to enable rEFInd.</p>
 187
 188 <a name="windows">
 189 <h2>Installing rEFInd Using Windows</h2>
 190 </a>
 191
 192 <p>To install rEFInd under Windows, you must first find a way to access the ESP, which Windows normally hides from view. One way to accomplish this goal, and to proceed forward once the ESP is accessible, is as follows:</p>
 193
 194 <ol>
 195
 196 <li>Locate Command Prompt in the Start menu, right-click it, and select Run as Administrator. This action opens a Command Prompt window with administrative privileges.</li>
 197
 198 <li>Type <b><tt>mountvol S: /S</tt></b> in the Administrator Command Prompt window. This makes the ESP accessible as drive <tt>S:</tt> from that window. (You can use a drive identifier other than <tt>S:</tt> if you like.)</li>
 199
 200 <li>Change into the main rEFInd package directory, so that the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory is visible when you type <b><tt>dir</tt></b>.</li>
 201
 202 <li>Type <b><tt>xcopy /E refind S:\EFI\refind\</tt></b> to copy the <tt>refind</tt> directory tree to the ESP's <tt>EFI</tt> directory. If you omit the trailing backslash from this command, <tt>xcopy</tt> will ask if you want to create the <tt>refind</tt> directory. Tell it to do so.</li>
 203
 204 <li>Type <b><tt>cd S:</tt></b> to change to the ESP.</li>
 205
 206 <li>Type <b><tt>cd EFI\refind</tt></b> to change into the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory</li>
 207
 208 <li>Type <b><tt>del refind_ia32.efi</tt></b> to delete the unused 32-bit version of rEFInd. (Windows only supports EFI boots on 64-bit EFI implementations and in 64-bit versions of Windows.)</li>
 209
 210 <li>Type <b><tt>rename refind.conf-sample refind.conf</tt></b> to rename rEFInd's configuration file.</li>
 211
 212 </ol>
 213
 214 <p>Unfortunately, I know of no Windows tool that's equivalent to <tt>efibootmgr</tt> under Linux or <tt>bless</tt> under OS X. (Such a tool <i>must</i> exist, but I don't know what it is. If you do, please <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">e-mail</a> me a pointer!) This can make adding rEFInd to your system a bit tricky, particularly if your firmware provides few boot options. In the best of all possible worlds, you'll be able to use your firmware's user interface to add rEFInd to your firmware's own boot manager; however, far too many EFI implementations lack even this modest capability. If you're stuck in this boat, you have several options, such as:</p>
 215
 216 <ul>
 217
 218 <li>You can rename files on the ESP. as described in the next section, <a href="#naming">Alternative Naming Options.</a></li>
 219
 220 <li>You can boot from an optical disc into an emergency OS to do the job. Ubuntu, for instance, provides an EFI-bootable installer with a "try before installation" mode. You'll need to type <b><tt>sudo apt-get install efibootmgr</tt></b> to install <tt>efibootmgr</tt>, but you can then use that program as described <a href="#efibootmgr">earlier</a>. (If you're using Ubuntu, you'll need to precede the command with <b><tt>sudo</tt></b>.</li>
 221
 222 <li>You may be able to use rEFInd's bootable CD image to use rEFInd to boot an OS that's been installed but rendered inoperable because of changes to your boot order. You can then use <tt>efibootmgr</tt>, <tt>bless</tt>, or some other tool to restore rEFInd as the default boot loader.</li>
 223
 224 </ul>
 225
 226 <a name="naming">
 227 <h2>Alternative Naming Options</h2>
 228 </a>
 229
 230 <p>Some EFI implementations do a poor job of honoring the boot options set via Linux's <tt>efibootmgr</tt> or other tools. You may also lack access to such utilities, such as if you must install rEFInd in Windows. In such cases, you may need to change the boot loader's name so that the EFI will see it as the default boot loader. rEFInd should then boot when your NVRAM lacks information on specific boot loaders to use. To do this, follow these steps:</p>
 231
 232 <ol>
 233
 234 <li>Access your ESP and install rEFInd to it, as described in earlier sections.</li>
 235
 236 <li>Look for an existing directory called <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/BOOT</tt>. If neither of these directories exist, skip the next step. (Note that FAT is case-insensitive, so the name may vary in case.)</li>
 237
 238 <li>Rename the existing directory to something else. For <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt>, try renaming it to <tt>EFI/Oldboot</tt>. For <tt>EFI/Microsoft/BOOT</tt>, rename the <tt>Microsoft</tt> directory&mdash;say, to <tt>MS</tt>. Thus, you'll have <tt>EFI/MS</tt> and its contents, including <tt>EFI/MS/BOOT</tt>.</li>
 239
 240 <li>Rename/move your <tt>EFI/refind</tt> directory to <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> (or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/BOOT</tt>, if that directory existed and you've renamed it&mdash;but you'll first need to create a new <tt>EFI/Microsoft</tt> directory).</li>
 241
 242 <li>Rename <tt>EFI/BOOT/refind_x64.efi</tt> to the name of the boot loader it's replacing&mdash;it should become <tt>EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/BOOT/bootmgfw.efi</tt>.</li>
 243
 244 </ol>
 245
 246 <p>When you reboot, rEFInd should come up. With any luck, it will detect your old boot loader as an option, if one was installed before.</p>
 247
 248 <a name="addons">
 249 <h2>Installing Additional Components</h2>
 250 </a>
 251
 252 <p>rEFInd includes the ability to launch any EFI program; however, rEFInd detects only certain programs. These include boot loaders in traditional locations and a handful of other programs. To launch these other programs, you must download and install them separately from rEFInd:</p>
 253
 254 <ul>
 255
 256 <li><b><a href="http://tianocore.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=tianocore/edk2;a=blob_plain;f=EdkShellBinPkg/FullShell/X64/Shell_Full.efi;hb=HEAD">shell.efi</a></b>&mdash;This
 257     file, placed in the ESP's <tt>efi/tools</tt> directory, adds the
 258     ability to launch a text-mode EFI shell from rEFInd. Note that the
 259     download link is to a 64-bit binary that must be renamed before rEFInd
 260     will recognize it.</li>
 261
 262 <li><b>gptsync.efi</b>&mdash;This program creates a <a
 263     href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/hybrid.html">hybrid MBR</a> from
 264     your regular GPT disk. A hybrid MBR is a dangerous hack that enables
 265     Windows and OS X to coexist on a Macintosh disk. If you're using a
 266     UEFI-based PC, a hybrid MBR will be useless at best, so you shouldn't
 267     create one, and it's safest to not install <tt>gptsync.efi</tt>. If
 268     you're using a hybrid MBR to enable dual-booting Windows and OS X on a
 269     Mac, though, placing this program file in the ESP's or Mac boot
 270     partition's <tt>efi/tools</tt> directory will enable you to regenerate
 271     your hybrid MBR should some other tool convert the MBR to a standard
 272     protective MBR. You can obtain the file from the <a
 273     href="http://refit.sourceforge.net">original rEFIt package.</a></li>
 274
 275 <li><b>diskpart.efi</b>&mdash;This is a disk partitioning utility that's
 276     similar to one of the same name in Microsoft Windows. You can obtain it
 277     from <a
 278     href="http://www.intel.com/technology/efi/agree_diskutil.htm">Intel's
 279     site</a> as part of a package with a few other tools. Place it in the
 280     <tt>efi/tools</tt> subdirectory of the ESP and rEFInd will detect it
 281     and give you the option to use it.</li>
 282
 283 <li><b>Rescue Linux</b>&mdash;If the file <tt>efi/rescue/elilo.efi</tt>
 284     exists, it will be given a special entry in the boot list. The intent
 285     seems to be to launch Linux in a rescue mode, but I've not gotten it to
 286     work.</li>
 287
 288 </ul>
 289
 290 <p>I've seen links to other versions of these tools from time to time on the Web, so if you try one of these programs and it crashes or behaves strangely, try performing a Web search; you may turn up something that works better for you than the one to which I've linked.</p>
 291
 292 <hr />
 293
 294 <p>copyright &copy; 2012 by Roderick W. Smith</p>
 295
 296 <p>This document is licensed under the terms of the <a href="FDL-1.3.txt">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), version 1.3.</a></p>
 297
 298 <p>If you have problems with or comments about this Web page, please e-mail me at <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com.</a> Thanks.</p>
 299
 300 <p><a href="index.html">Go to the main rEFInd page</a></p>
 301
 302 <p><a href="using.html">Learn how to use rEFInd</a></p>
 303
 304   <p><a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/">Return</a> to my main Web page.</p>
 305 </body>
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