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  14   <h1>The rEFInd Boot Manager:<br />rEFInd and System Integrity Protection</h1>
  15
  16 <p class="subhead">by Roderick W. Smith, <a
  17 href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com</a></p>
  18
  19 <p>Originally written: 10/31/2015, referencing rEFInd 0.9.3</p>
  20
  21
  22 <p>This Web page is provided free of charge and with no annoying outside ads; however, I did take time to prepare it, and Web hosting does cost money. If you find this Web page useful, please consider making a small donation to help keep this site up and running. Thanks!</p>
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 125
 126 <hr />
 127
 128 <p>This page is part of the documentation for the rEFInd boot manager. If a Web search has brought you here, you may want to start at the <a href="index.html">main page.</a></p>
 129
 130 <hr />
 131
 132 <div style="float:right; width:55%">
 133
 134 <p>Apple's OS X 10.11 (aka <i>El Capitan</i>) includes a new feature, known as System Integrity Protection (SIP), aka "rootless" mode. This feature is causing some consternation for advanced users, because it restricts what you can do with your computer, even as <tt>root</tt>. This page is dedicated to this new feature, including basic information on why SIP exists, how to install rEFInd on a computer with SIP enabled, and how to use rEFInd to manage SIP.</p>
 135
 136 </div>
 137
 138 <div class="navbar">
 139
 140 <h4 class="tight">Contents</h4>
 141
 142 <ul>
 143
 144 <li class="tight"><a href="#what_is">What Is SIP?</li>
 145
 146 <li class="tight"><a href="#sip_enabled">Installing rEFInd with SIP Enabled</a>
 147
 148   <ul>
 149
 150   <li class="tight"><a href="#recovery">Using Recovery Mode</a>
 151
 152   <li class="tight"><a href="#disable">Disabling SIP</a>
 153
 154   <li class="tight"><a href="#another">Using Another OS</a>
 155
 156   </ul>
 157
 158 </li>
 159
 160 <li class="tight"><a href="#refind_manage">Using rEFInd to Manage SIP</a></li>
 161
 162 <li class="tight"><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
 163
 164 </ul>
 165
 166 </div>
 167
 168 <a name="what_is">
 169 <h2>What Is SIP?</h2>
 170 </a>
 171
 172 <p>To understand SIP, you should first know that Unix-like systems, including OS X, have traditionally provided a model of security in which ordinary users can read and write their own files (word processor documents, their own digital photos, etc.), but cannot write to system files (programs, system configuration files, etc.)&mdash;and users cannot even read some system files. This system security model has worked well for decades on traditional Unix systems, which have been administered by computer professionals and used by individuals with less experience. For administrative tasks, the <tt>root</tt> account is used. On Macs, this access is generally granted by the <tt>sudo</tt> command or by various GUI tools. Most Macs are single-user computers that are administered by their users. Such people often lack the knowledge of the professional system administrators who have traditionally managed Unix systems; but they must still perform system administration tasks such as installing new software and configuring network settings. OS X has always provided some measure of security by requiring users to enter their passwords before performing these dangerous tasks, and by providing GUI tools to help guide users through these tasks in a way that minimizes the risk of damage.</p>
 173
 174 <p>Apple has apparently decided that these safeguards are no longer sufficient. I won't try to speak for Apple or explain their motivations, but the result of Apple's decisions is SIP. With SIP active, as is the default, OS X limits your ability to perform some of these administrative tasks. You can still install and remove most third-party programs, configure your network, and so on; but some critical directories can no longer be written, even as <tt>root</tt>, and some utilities cannot be used in certain ways, even as <tt>root</tt>. These restrictions impact rEFInd because one of the affected tools, a command called <tt>bless</tt>, is required to tell the Mac to boot rEFInd rather than to boot OS X directly.</p>
 175
 176 <a name="sip_enabled">
 177 <h2>Installing rEFInd with SIP Enabled</h2>
 178 </a>
 179
 180 <p>The end result of SIP is that rEFInd cannot be installed under OS X 10.11 in the way described on the <a href="installing.html">Installing rEFInd</a> page&mdash;at least, not without first booting into <a href="#recovery">Recovery mode,</a> in which SIP restrictions are ignored; or <a href="#disable">disabling SIP</a> (either temporarily or permanently). This page covers these two options in more detail, as well as a third: <a href="#another">Using another OS</a> to install rEFInd.</p>
 181
 182 <a name="recovery">
 183 <h3>Using Recovery Mode</h3>
 184 </a>
 185
 186 <p>Unless you've deleted it, the Recovery HD partition should be present on your Mac as a way to perform emergency recovery operations. The nature of this tool means that SIP cannot be enabled when using it, so you can install rEFInd from a boot to this partition. The trouble is that this installation is not a full-fledged OS X system, so you may have trouble using it if you're not comfortable with such a bare-bones environment. Nontheless, it is arguably the best way to install rEFInd on a Mac that runs OS X 10.11. To do so, follow these steps:</p>
 187
 188 <ol>
 189
 190 <li><a href="getting.html">Download the rEFInd binary <tt>.zip</tt> file</a> and unpack it. You can unpack it on your regular hard disk or on a USB flash drive. Pay attention to where it's located, though; you'll need to find it later. Pay attention to both the name of the volume and the <i>complete</i> path to the directory in which it's stored. (Your home directory is normally <tt>/Users/<tt class="variable">yourname</tt></tt>, where <tt class="variable">yourname</tt> is your username. Your Desktop is normally <tt>/Users/<tt class="variable">yourname</tt>/Desktop</tt>.</li>
 191
 192 <li>Reboot the computer.</li>
 193
 194 <li>At the startup chime, hold down the Option+R key combination. The computer should launch into the Recovery system. This is a very bare system, with only a window providing a way to launch a handful of utilities and a menu bar. You must use the latter.</li>
 195
 196 <li>Select Utilities -&gt; Terminal from the menu bar. A Terminal window should open.</li>
 197
 198 <li>If you unpacked rEFInd on a USB flash drive, insert it and wait for its access light (if it has one) to stop blinking.</li>
 199
 200 <li>Increase the size of the Terminal a bit. (This just makes its output more legible, since the next step produces long lines.)</li>
 201
 202 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">df -h</tt> in the Terminal. This produces a list of partitions that are mounted. Locate the one on which you unpacked the rEFInd files. It will normally be <tt>/Volumes/<tt class="variable">Somename</tt></tt>, where <tt class="variable">Somename</tt> is the volume's name.</li>
 203
 204 <li>In the Terminal, use <tt>cd</tt> to change to the directory where the rEFInd files you unpacked earlier are stored. For instance, on my MacBook, I would type <tt class="userinput">cd /Volumes/Macintosh\ HD/Users/rodsmith/Destkop/refind-0.10.1</tt>. Note that if any element of this path includes a space, you must either enclose the <i>entire path</i> in quotes or precede the space with a backslash (<tt>\</tt>), as in this example's <tt>Macintish\ HD</tt> volume name.</li>
 205
 206 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">ls</tt> to verify that <tt>refind-install</tt> is present in this directory.</li>
 207
 208 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">./refind-install</tt> to run the installation script. It should run normally, as described on the <a href="installing.html">Installing rEFInd</a> page. You can add options, if you like, as described on that page. Alternatively, you can perform a manual installation, also as described on that page.</li>
 209
 210 <li>Reboot.</li>
 211
 212 </ol>
 213
 214 <p>At this point, rEFInd should come up and enable you to boot into OS X and any other OS(es) that are already installed. You should not need to perform these steps again unless OS X re-installs its own boot loader or a subsequent OS installation overrides the default boot option. You can install an updated rEFInd and it should install correctly, provided you're installing it to the EFI System Partition (ESP). The <tt>refind-install</tt> script may complain about a failure, but because you're overwriting one rEFInd binary with another one, it should continue to boot.</p>
 215
 216 <a name="disable">
 217 <h3>Disabling SIP</h3>
 218 </a>
 219
 220 <p>Another option is to disable SIP for your regular boot. This is a viable option if you're an expert who needs regular access to tools with which SIP interferes, such as low-level disk utilities. Regular users should probably avoid this option unless the preceding procedure does not work&mdash;and in that case, you should disable SIP temporarily and then re-enable it when you've finished installing rEFInd.</p>
 221
 222 <p>To disable SIP, you must first boot into the Recovery HD, as in the previous procedure, and launch a Terminal window. Instead of locating and running the <tt>refind-instal</tt> script, though, you should type:</p>
 223
 224 <pre class="listing"># <tt class="userinput">csrutil disable</tt></pre>
 225
 226 <p>This command will disable SIP for all OSes that honor this setting. (In theory, multiple versions of OS X might be installed on a single computer, and all of them that support SIP should honor the SIP settings. To the best of my knowledge, no non-Apple OS honors SIP settings, although that could change.)</p>
 227
 228 <p>Once you've typed this command, you can reboot the computer. When you return to your regular OS X installation, SIP should be disabled and rEFInd should install normally, as described on the <a href="installing.html">Installing rEFInd</a> page. You will also be able to use disk partitioning tools like my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/">GPT fdisk,</a> write to directories that are normally off-limits, and so on. Note that disabling SIP does <i>not</i> disable normal Unix-style protections&mdash;you'll still need to use <tt>sudo</tt> (or enter your password in a GUI dialog box) to acquire <tt>root</tt> privileges to perform these system-administration tasks. You'll be no less safe with SIP disabled under OS X 10.11 than you would be with OS X 10.10 or earlier.</p>
 229
 230 <p>If you want to re-enable SIP, you can do so in exactly the way you disabled it, except that you should type <tt class="userinput">csrutil enable</tt> rather than <tt class="userinput">csrutil disable</tt> in the Recovery environment.</p>
 231
 232 <a name="another">
 233 <h3>Using Another OS</h3>
 234 </a>
 235
 236 <p>A final option for installing rEFInd on a Mac that runs with SIP enabled is to do the installation using another OS. This other OS could be an OS that's already installed or an emergency boot disk, such as an <a href="http://www.ubuntu.com">Ubuntu</a> installation/recovery system.</p>
 237
 238 <p>If you follow this path, you'll need to know something about how to boot and use your non-Apple OS. The options are quite varied, so I can't provide every detail; however, I do have a few tips:</p>
 239
 240 <ul>
 241
 242 <li>If you've already installed another OS but can't boot it because of an upgrade to OS X 10.11, you can use rEFInd on CD-R or USB flash drive to boot to your other OS. You can download images for both media from the <a href="getting.html">rEFInd downloads page.</a> Prepare a boot medium, insert it in your computer, reboot, and hold down the Option (or Alt) key. The Mac's built-in boot menu should appear, enabling you to boot rEFInd from the removable disk. It should then let you boot your already-installed OS, whereupon you can follow the <a href="installing.html">regular rEFInd installation instructions</a> for that OS.</li>
 243
 244 <li>It's imperative that your rEFInd installation occur in an <i>EFI-mode boot!</i> Many Windows installations on Macs, in particular, are done in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode, and so cannot be used for installing rEFInd. rEFInd can boot most Linux installations in EFI mode (as above), but if a BIOS-mode GRUB is installed, you might accidentally boot it. See the <a href="bootmode.html">What's Your Boot Mode?</a> page for information on how to determine your boot mode.</li>
 245
 246 <li>You can use many Linux distributions' installers to run a minimal Linux system that you can use for installing rEFInd. This can be a useful trick even if you don't intend to run Linux normally. An <a href="http://www.ubuntu.com">Ubuntu</a> image can be useful for this. You should insert the boot medium and hold down Option (or Alt) while booting to launch the installer, but be sure to pick the option to "try Ubuntu before installing" (or a similar option for other Linux distributions). You may need to install the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> package to install rEFInd. (Typing <tt class="userinput">sudo apt-get install efibootmgr</tt> should do this in Ubuntu.)</li>
 247
 248 </ul>
 249
 250 <p>I've tested this method of installing rEFInd on my MacBook Air, but I can't promise it will work on all Macs&mdash;or even on an identical Mac with a configuration that's different from mine. My preference is to install rEFInd under OS X on Macs, because Apple likes to do things differently from everybody else, and so a Mac's firmware might not react in the usual way to tools like <tt>efibootmgr</tt> in Linux or <tt>bcdedit</tt> in Windows.</p>
 251
 252 <a name="refind_manage">
 253 <h2>Using rEFInd to Manage SIP</h2>
 254 </a>
 255
 256 <p>Once rEFInd is installed, you can use it to manage SIP features; however, the rEFInd features needed to do this are disabled by default. You must uncomment or add two lines to your <tt>refind.conf</tt> file:</p>
 257
 258 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> Apple code samples and technical discussions are filled with the acronym "CSR." I don't know for what this acronym stands, but as it appears to be used in preference to "SIP" or "rootless" when referring to specific values, I used it in the <tt>refind.conf</tt> files token names.</p>
 259
 260 <ul>
 261
 262 <li><tt class="userinput">showtools</tt>&mdash;This line specifies tools that appear on the second row of icons in rEFInd. The new tool for managing SIP is called <tt>csr_rotate</tt>, so you must uncomment <tt>showtools</tt> and add this option, or create a new <tt>showtools</tt> line.</li>
 263
 264 <li><tt class="userinput">csr_values</tt>&mdash;This line lists the hexadecimal values through which you can rotate once <tt>csr_rotate</tt> is active on the <tt>showtools</tt> line. The trick to this token is selecting appropriate options. Several sites, such as <a href="http://www.idelta.info/archives/sip-rootless-internal-in-el-capitan/">this one</a> and <a href="http://osxarena.com/2015/10/guide-details-apples-system-integrity-protection-sip-for-hackintosh/">this one,</a> describe the meanings of the various options, but often not in much detail. Apple's own <tt>csrutil</tt> command sets values of 77 (disabled) or 10 (enabled). Note also that you specify hexadecimal values on this line, but without a leading <tt>0x</tt> or other hexadecimal-notation indicator. If you put gibberish values, or hexadecimal values higher than those used by SIP, rEFInd ignores the bad entries. Thus, if some of your values are being ignored, you should check your <tt>csr_values</tt> line for typos.</li>
 265
 266 </ul>
 267
 268 <p>Note that <i><b>both</b></i> of these options must be set appropriately. If either of them is missing or misconfigured, rEFInd will not display the new SIP tool. A typical configuration using these features might look like this:</p>
 269
 270 <pre class="listing">showtools shell,memtest,gdisk,csr_rotate,apple_recovery,windows_recovery,mok_tool,about,shutdown,reboot,firmware
 271 csr_values 10,77</pre>
 272
 273     <img src="func_csr_rotate.png" align="right" width="48" height="48"
 274     alt="The SIP rotation tool rotates through all the CSR values you set"
 275     border=2 background="gray"/>
 276
 277 <p>Once these options are set and you reboot into rEFInd, you should see a new shield icon, as shown at the right. When you select this tool, rEFInd identifies the next available CSR value from the list you specified and switches to that mode, rotating back to the start of the list once the end is reached. To confirm that the SIP mode has changed, rEFInd displays, for three seconds, a message identifying the new mode.</p>
 278
 279 <p>Whether or not you've enabled these SIP features in <tt>refind.conf</tt>, rEFInd displays the current SIP status on its "About" page:</p>
 280
 281     <br /><center><img src="about.png" align="center" width="525"
 282     height="559" alt="rEFInd presents a graphical menu for selecting your
 283     boot OS." border=2> </center><br />
 284
 285 <p>Note the line that reads "System Integrity Protection is disabled (0x77)." This line will be updated whenever you use the CSR rotation tool, so if you've specified a large number of values and have forgotten where you are in your rotation, you can use the About screen to figure it out.</p>
 286
 287 <p>Both the summary on the About page and the CSR rotation tool depend on the presence of the <tt>csr-active-config</tt> NVRAM variable, which is where this information is stored. Thus, these features will not be present on older Macs that have not seen the presence of an OS X version that sets this variable. Likewise, you probably won't see the SIP summary in About or be able to set these values via <tt>csr_rotate</tt> and <tt>csr_values</tt> on a UEFI-based PC. (You could always create the variable on such a system in some other way, in which case rEFInd would let you adjust it, but it would have no effect on any OS except OS X.)</p>
 288
 289 <p>I provide these features in rEFInd as a convenience for developers and other advanced users who have a legitimate need to adjust their SIP settings. Using rEFInd for this purpose is much faster than booting into the OS X Recovery system to make these adjustments. I discourage others from playing with these settings, since changing them inappropriately could cause problems; that's why they're not enabled by default.</p>
 290
 291 <a name="conclusion">
 292 <h2>Conclusion</h2>
 293 </a>
 294
 295 <p>Although the goal of increased security is a good one, SIP is causing problems for intermediate and advanced users. The good news is that the process to install rEFInd on a system that runs OS X 10.11, although more complex than it used to be, is not an impossible one. Furthermore, once you've done it, you shouldn't have to do it again for a while. (An update to OS X's boot loader is entirely possible, though. If nothing else, the next major OS X update may require re-installing rEFInd.) For advanced users, rEFInd can adjust SIP settings, which can be helpful if you occasionally want to do something that require greater-than-typical privileges.</p>
 296
 297 <hr />
 298
 299 <p>copyright &copy; 2015 by Roderick W. Smith</p>
 300
 301 <p>This document is licensed under the terms of the <a href="FDL-1.3.txt">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), version 1.3.</a></p>
 302
 303 <p>If you have problems with or comments about this Web page, please e-mail me at <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com.</a> Thanks.</p>
 304
 305 <p><a href="index.html">Go to the main rEFInd page</a></p>
 306
 307 <p><a href="using.html">Learn how to use rEFInd</a></p>
 308
 309   <p><a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/">Return</a> to my main Web page.</p>
 310 </body>
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